Anatomy Fundamentals Flashcards
Stem cells can …
differentiate into (i.e.
become) any cell in the body.
Describe the following anatomical position?
Supine = laying on back (spine) with face and abdoman upwards.
Describe the following anatomical position?
Pr(on)e. (on) stomach, chest down and back upwards.
Describe this directional terminology.
Anterior = Ventral. The front surface of the body. Toward the front. (Ventriloquist - stomach talker and if you point to your stomach you are pointing to the front of your body)
What are the three anatomical planes?
S.C.T
1. Sagittal Plane
2. Coronal Plane
3. Transverse Plane
Describe this directional terminology.
*Edit image
Posterior = Dorsal. The back part of the body (Dorsial fin)
What is the Anatomical Position?
Standing upright
Head and eyes straight ahead
Palms facing forwards
Thumbs pointing away from body
Lower limbs together
Upper limbs slightly away from body
What are Body planes?
Imaginary lines drawn through an upright body
Divide the body into different sections
What are the 3 main body planes and sections? (show them on body)
S - sagittal (vertical)
C - coronal (vertical)
T - traverse (horizotal)
Explain and show the Saggital plane
Vertical line
Runs from top to bottom
Divides the body into a left and a right section
Explain the Midsagittal plane
Runs through the exact midline of the body
Divides the body into equal portions
Also known as Median plane
Runs right down the middle of the body
Re: S.C.T view
How does the Transverse Plane divide the body?
Divides the body into the top and bottom
view of the body
(Magician)(axial/horizontal)
What view do you look at through the cut of the saggital plane?
Sagittal (s) = side view (s)
When you make a cut through the sagittal plane you are looking at the side view of the body
(S.C.T) - Explain the Coronal Plane
Coronal > Frontal Plane
Imaginary line runs from top to bottom and left to right
It divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior)
Frontal (f) = Front (f) view of the body
What is the Abduction movement?
Movement of the joint (arm) away from the midline of the body
(Alien abducting arm away)
What is Adduction?
Movement towards the midline (adding to the size of body)
Describe superior directional terminology
Refers to an elevated position
What is a body cavity?
A space of compartment in the body that houses organs and structures
What are the 2 main cavities in the body?
* Edit
Dorsal (= Posterior)
Ventrical (= Anterior)
Dorsal cavity is loacted in the …. of the body?
Back
The Ventral cavity is located in the …. or ….. of the body *add image
Front or Anterior
What are the 2 main parts of the dorsal cavity?
Cranial
Spinal
Describe the position of the Cranial cavity
Location: superior dorsal cavity
Medial Line
Closer to midline and cuts the body in half
Define Lateral
further away from the midline of the body
What is the Superior directional location?
Above, farther from the ground. It can also indicate relative location. Structures near the head are referred to as superior or cranial
Describe the Inferior or Caudal directional location?
structures closer to the ground near the feet
Describe the term Proximal.
Toward the root or attachment point of the body. For example, the knee is proximal to the ankle as it is closer to where leg inserts into the body.
Describe the term Distal.
Away from the midline. For example the wrist is distal to the elbow becuase it is further away from where the arm inserts into the body.
When to use the terms distal and proximal.
Use the terms when referring to 2 points on the same limb.
Describe the Medial directional terminology
Any point closer to the midline
Describe the Lateral directional terminology
A point further from the midline. For example your thumb is lateral to the little finger
Describe the Transverse Plane (S.C.T)
Horizontal cut that divides the body into superior and interior positions
Directional Terms describe …
The position of external structures to another
How do we observe internal structures? (S.C.T)
Cut the body in into anatomical planes or sections S.C.T
(the fourth being oblique cut which is a cut that is no S.C.T)
What type of cut is the Transverse Plane and how does it divide the body?
It is a horizontal cut that divides the body into Superior portion (above belly button) and Inferior portion (
Explain the S.C.T brain views.
S = (S)aggital = (s)ide view
C = split front (anterior) and back (posterior)
T = superior and inferior cut (top and bottom)
Describe the lateral directional terminology
Moving away from the medial -
Anatomical Position Video
https://youtu.be/t6-ueqFK1IE?si=B3uNbt-HUh5gj8AX
What is the midline
An imaginery vertical line that runs down the body and divides the body into equal right and left sections
Medial is towards the …
M = Midline or Middle of the body
Moving away from the Medial is called?
Lateral - which is the side or towards the side of the body (the lat muscles stretch toward the side of the body)
The nose …. to the eyes?
The eyes are …. to the nose?
Nose is medial - closer to the midline
Eyes are lateral as they are more toward the side of the body
Caudal directional terminology means
Towards the tail or away from the head - used interchangeably with inferior
The arms are Medial or Lateral to the torso?
Lateral
The torso is Medial or Lateral to the arms?
Medial
The Transverse line is the reference point for describing what directional terminologies?
Superior and Inferior
Toward the head is called?
Superior = Above; toward the head
(S)uperior = (S)kull
Inferior directional terminology is described as?
Below; away from the head.
In(f)erior = (f)loor
The eyes are inferior or superior to the nose?
Superior as they are above the nose
The nose is superior or inferior to the mouth?
The nose is superior to the mouth as it is above the mouth
Is the mouth inferior or superior to the nose?
The mouth is inferior to the nose because it is below the nose
What are the positions of Freckle 1 and Freckle 2 *edit picture
Freckle 1 is superior and lateral to Freckle 2
Freckle 2 is inferior and medial to Freckle 1
Superior can also go by the name Cranial or Caudal?
Cranial
Inferior can also go by the name Cranial or Caudal?
Caudal
You can use Inferior, Superior, Medial and Lateral to describe the position of a lung.
- now describe using the positions:
Lateral - toward the side of the body
Medial - toward the middle
Superior - top of lung toward the head
Inferior - toward the floor away from the head
Cutting the body by the Coronal Plane splits the body into?
Front (posterior) and Back(anterior) sections
The Front of the body is also known as what other terms?
Font = Anterior = Ventral
The Back of the body is also known as what 2 other terms?
Back = Posterior = Dorsal
Proximal is defined as what direction?
Proximal = towards or closer to the trunk; near the origin or attachment
Proximal = Proximity (close or near)
Distal defined as?
Distal = away from trunk; far from origin
Distal = Distant (far away)
The wrist is proximal or distal to the hand?
The wrist is proximal to the hand because it is closer to the trunk than the hand
The Elbow is proximal or distal to the wrist
The elbow is primal to the wrist because it is closer to the trunk
The elbow is proximal or distal to the shoulder?
The elbow is distal to the shoulder because it is further away from the trunk
The hand is proximal or distal to the wrist?
The hand is distal to the wrist because it is further away from the tunk
The Ankle is proximal or distal to the foot?
The ankle is proximal to the foot because it is closer to the trunk
The hip is proximal or distal to the knee?
The hip is proximal to the knee because it is closer to the trunk
The foot is proximal or distal to the ankle
The foot is distal to the ankle because it is away/farther from the trunk
Superfical is defined as?
Closer to the surface
(Su)perfical = (Su)rface
Deep is defined as?
* Create example cards
Away from the surface of the body
Is the skin superfical or deep to the ribs?
The skin is superficial to the ribs because it is closer to the surface of the body
Are the ribs superfical or deep to the lungs
The ribs are superficial to the lungs as they are closer to the surface
Are the lungs superfical or deep to the ribs?
The lungs are deep to the ribs becuse they are away from the surface
Define Intermediate directional term
A strucutre that is located between 2 other structures. For example the collarbone is intermediate to the shoulder and breastbone.
What are the 4 main tissue types? (M.E.N.C)
M = muscle tissue
E = epithelial tissue
N = nervous tissue
C = connective tissue
What tissue cells are higly regenerative?
*Add image and more facts - table format
Epithelial e.g. skin (dead skin is the regenerative process)
Close together (like bricks)
What is the general function of Epithelial tissue?
(M.E.N.C) * Edit acronym to align with notes + add image and more facts
Protect the organs and main body cavities
What is the general function of nervous tissue?
(M.E.N.C)
Signals information/ communicators
What is the general function of connective tissue?
(M.E.N.C)
bind and support and connects (scaffold - bones and wrap around organ) - fat tissue to support and insulate organs of the human body
What is the general function of muslce tissue?
(M.E.N.C) * Add fact about the only contract not lengthen
For contraction and movement - Muscle tissue is responsible for; digestion, breathing, waste elimination, speech and blood circulation
Can a muscle contract and lengthen?
NO a muscle can only contract - they create movement by shortening its original length
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue? * Add image and create questions for each image
S = skeletal = volunterary e.g. touch nose
C = cardiac = involunterary as they contract
S = smooth = involunterary and move things in pipes
Flexion and extension are movements that occur in which S.C.T plane?
Sagittal Plane
Describe flexion movement?
Bending toward and decrease an angle between body segment and proximal segment (moving toward trunk)
What is extension movement?
Straightening - or moving towards posterior/dorsal
Hyperextension occurs when?
The extension continue past the anatomical position
What are the 4 types of Epithelial Tissue? * Acronym
Transitional
Cuboidal
Columnar
Squamous
What movement occurs in the Sagittal Plane? To* create acronym + add examples
Flexion
Extension
Hyperextension
Elevation
Depression
What movements occur in a Coronal Plane?
Lateral Flexion
Abduction
Adduction
What movements occur in the Traverse Plane? * Make acronym & add examples
Axial rotation
Protusion
Retrusion/Retrationc
Lateral Deviation
Name these bones
Frontal
Parietal x2
Occipital
Names the sutures
Sagittal Suture
Coronal Suture
Lambdoid Suture
Identify the 8 cranial bones
Yellow = Frontal bone
Blue= Parietal x2
Green = Occipital
Pink = Sphenoid
Orange = Temporal x2
Red = Ethmoid
Identify the Lateral View Skull (Bones - by colour)
Blue = parietal
Yellow = Temporal
Burgundy = Occipital Bone
Pink = Mandible
Green = Zygomatic Bone
Dark green = Lacrimal Bone
Purple = Sphenoid Bone
Coral = Frontal Bone
Name these bones - facial and skull
- Ethmoid (behind lacrimal)
- vomer
- Temporal x2
- Mandible
- Parietal x2
- Sphenoid (joined looks like a butterfly)
- Frontal bone
- Palatine x2
- Lacrimal x2 (rim - near tear ducts)
- Zygomatic bone ( prominent cheekbone & outer side of the eye socket) x2
- Nasal
- Inferior Nasal Concha x2
- Maxilla x2
- Occipital bone
Identify the 4 chambers of the heart
2 Atriums > a Right and Left Artirum > entry hall recveiving blood
2 Ventricals > a Right and Left Ventrica> pumping chambers
What are the structures of the Mandible
Alveolar Processes > support the teeth
Angle (connects the Ramus & Body)
Mental Foramen > holes (feature)
Coronoid Process (bone closest to teeth)
Condylar Process (bone closest to ear)
Review Features
Review image
What are the 4 main regions of the spine?
Cervical (secondary curves)
Thoracic (primary curves)
Lumbar (secondary curves)
Sacral / Coccyx (primary curves)
what are the 3 major structures of the cardio vascular system?
Heart
Blood
Blood Vessels } Arteries, Capillaries, Veins
(A)rties carry blood …. from heart?
(A)way
Capillaries support the …. of gases, nutrients & waste products between ….&….
exhange
blood & Tissue
Veins …… blood ….. heart
return
toward
The neck is the ….?
survival region
What are the 3 types of muscle contraction? I.C.E
(1) isometric contractions in which the ML remains constant; (2) concentric (isotonic) contractions in which the muscle shortens; and (3) eccentric contraction in which the muscle lengthens.
What is the pericardium?
Fluid-filled sac that surrounds and protects the heart.
It also lubricates the heart and holds it in place in your chest
Review Lateral Skull (Features -by colour/appearance)
Orange = Nasolacrimal canal
Yellow = Zygomatic Arch
Pink (chin) = Mental Tubercle
Yellow (fang) = Styloid process
Yellow (bottom curve) = Mastoid Process
Purple = External occipital protuberance
Yellow (oval) = External acoustic meatus
Skull - Name the Inferior View (Bones)
Orange = Maxilla
Green = Zygomatic Bone
Gold = Temporal Bone
Purple = Occiptal Bone
Yellow = Volmer Bone
Light Green = Palatine Bone
Skull - Name the Inferior View (Features)
Teeth = Alveolar Arch
Orange & Light Green = hard Palate
Purple = Lateral Pterygoid Plate
Gold (fang) = Styloid Process
Gold (bump) matoid Process
Whole = Foramen Magnum
Purple (eyes) = Occipital Condyles
Gold (smooth pools) = Mandubular Fossa
Skull - Internal Base (Floor) of the Cranium (features)
*need to update
hole = Foramen Magnum
The first two Vertebrae are ….
Unique
What at the names of the first 2 vertebrae?
C1 = atlas
C2 = axis
Side-to-side movement of the head occurs in the …
Coronal Plane
Nodding of head occurs in the …
Saggital Plane
Review Anatomical Position - All body are considered … ?
To be positioned at 0 degrees
This direction shows?
Superior
This direction shows?
Proximal
This direction shows?
Inferior
This direction shows?
Medial (close to the middle)
This direction shows?
Lateral
Name the movements of the hand
Top > Flexion (toward trunk of body)
Middle > extension
Bottom > Hyperextension
What movements occur in the Coronal Plane
Abduction
Adduction
Lateral Flexion (Head side-to-side ear to shoulder))
What movements occur in the Traverse (Horizontal) PLane
Head rotation - right and left (nose to shoudler)
Pulmonary relates to …
Lung
V.I.T.A.L A.R.E.A
V = Vena Cava
A= Atrium
V= Ventricle
A = Artery
V= Ventricle
A = Atrium
V= Vein
A = Aorta
Explain this simple exercise of the blood flow through heart - Pulmonary & Systemic Circulations
Rest of body (oxygen poor)> Right Atrium > Right Ventrical > Lungs (make oxygen rich)> Left Atrium > Leftft Ventrical > Rest of body
This direction shows
Distal
Cranial toward the … of the body
Caudal todward ….
Cranial toward the head of the body
Caudal todward …
Oxygen poor blood flow travels through which side of heart?
Right
Oxygen rich blood travels through which side of the heart?
Left
Identify the Anterior Aspect of the Heart - Anterior View
Atrium (Right)
Right Coronary Artery
Right Ventricle
Apex of heart (left ventricle)
Left Ventricle
Left Coronory Artery
Auricle of left atrium
Pulmonary trunk
Aortic Arch
Left Subclavian
Left Comon cartoid artery
Brachiocephalis trunk
Heart; External Apperance - posterior View (Review)
Heart Values prevent …
Backflow of blood
What causes a heartbeat?
Systole = contraction
Diastole = relaxation
Explain the Pulmonary & Systemic Circulations
Oxygen-poor blood travels from the body to the Right Atrium, then to the right Ventricle, then the Pulmonary Arties take the blood away from the heart > goes through the pulmonary circuit (lungs capillary beds where gas exchange occcurs) > Pulmonary Veins return the blood to the Heart > to the left Atrium, then the Left Ventrical > then in the Aorta and Branches to all the body Capillary beds
All systmemic arties branch from the …. ?
Aorta - supplied by the left ventricle
Name the branches of the aorta
- Ascending Aorta
- Arch of aorta
- deceding thoracic aorta
- decending abdominal aorta
Identify the left and right coronary arteries
The coronary arties give blood back to the heart
The left ventricle pumps the blood through the …
Aortic Semilunar Valve > Aorta > (up and over the) Arortic Arch (down behind the heart to the) > Descending Aorta
The biggest blood vessel is the …
Aorta
The other blood that comes out from the heart are the …
Coronary arteries
Coronary arteries …
Branch off the Aorta - wrap the heart like a crown > and they provide the heart muscle with blood (if they block you have a heartattack)
Branches of the arch of the aorta
*edit question
Branches of the aorta supply the
head, neck shoulders, upper limbs & thoracic wall (chest wall)
Arterial supply to the head & brain
*edit
Lymphatic system
*edit
Subclavian vein drain to …
Right Atrium
Neck
*edit
Head and Brain Circulation
*Edit
Bone growth
*edit
Facial expression
*Edit
