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Biology > November Mock - Paper 2 > Flashcards

November Mock - Paper 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

homeostasis

A

an organism’s ability to regulate internal conditions even when external conditions change

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2
Q

why is homeostasis important

A

allows for crucial reactions (involving enzymes) to happen at optimum rates

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3
Q

cerebral cortex

A

conscious activity: problem solving, memory, speech

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4
Q

medulla

A

unconscious activity: heart and breathing rate, signals to the adrenal glands for adrenaline release

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5
Q

cerebellum

A

movement, balance, coordination

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6
Q

accommodation

A

ability to change shape of the lens in order to focus light on the retina from different distances

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7
Q

how to focus on far away objects

A
  • ciliary muscles relax
  • suspensory ligaments tighten
  • lens becomes thinner
  • less light is refracted
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8
Q

how to focus on nearby objects

A
  • ciliary muscles tighten
  • suspensory ligaments relax
  • lens become thicker
  • light is refracted more
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9
Q

effect of light intensity on pupils

A
  • change size
  • more light - pupils contract
  • less light - pupils dilate
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10
Q

cornea

A

where light enters the eye

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11
Q

retina

A

where light is focussed

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12
Q

retinal cells

A
  • rods and cones
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13
Q

rods

A

detect motion and light intensity

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14
Q

cones

A

detect red, green and blue wavelengths of light

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15
Q

what do the rods and cones do

A

send signals to the brain via the optic nerve

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16
Q

myopia

A
  • short sightedness
  • elongated eyeballs
  • corrected with concave lens
  • pushes the focal point back
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17
Q

hyperopia

A
  • long sightedness
  • corrected with convex lens
  • brings the focal point forward
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18
Q

thermoregulation

A

brain detects blood temperature and sends out nervous and hormonal signals to effectors to maintain constant temperature

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19
Q

responses for high temperatures

A
  • sweating
  • vasodilation
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20
Q

responses for low temperatures

A
  • shivering
  • hairs standing up
  • vasoconstriction
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21
Q

vasodilation

A

blood vessels dilate

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22
Q

vasoconstriction

A

blood vessels contract

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23
Q

sweating

A

sweat glands in skin produce water which evapourate taking away heat

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24
Q

hairs standing on end

A

trap air and act as a layer of insulation

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25
Q

what is the endocrine system

A

system of glands that secrete hormones to send signals to effectors, transported via the blood - slower than the nervous system

26
Q

pituitary gland

A

master gland: sends signals to other glands - in centre of brain

27
Q

pancreas’ role in the endocrine system

A

produces insulin to controls blood glucose level

28
Q

role of the thyroid

A

controls growth and metabolism

29
Q

adrenal gland

A

releases adrenaline

30
Q

ovaries

A

release eggs and oestrogen

31
Q

testes

A

produce sperm

32
Q

what happens when the blood glucose levels are too high

A
  1. pancreas secretes insulin
  2. causes glucose to move from the bloodstream to respiration cells
  3. excess glucose converted into glycogen energy stores
33
Q

what happens when the blood glucose levels are too low

A
  1. pancreas secretes glucagon
  2. causes liver and muscles to convert glycogen back into glucose
34
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

when the pancreas cannot produce insulin

35
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

when cells can no longer absorb glucose properly

36
Q

routes of water loss

A
  • exhalation
  • urination
  • sweating
37
Q

how is water lost through urination

A
  • water is removed from the blood by the kidneys to the bladder
  • water is mixed with urea from excess amino acids from the breakdown of protein to amino acids
38
Q

overhydration

A

can cause cells to burst

39
Q

dehydration

A

can cause cells to become flaccid

40
Q

function of the kidneys

A

antidiuretic hormone from pituitary gland causes tubules in kidneys to reabsorb more water into the bloodstream

41
Q

what happens when water levels are too high

A

less ADH is produced so more water is sent to the bladder to leave the body as urine

42
Q

how to overcome kidney failure

A

dialysis - blood filtered with a dialysis machine to stop the build up of poisonous ammonia/urea

43
Q

disadvantages of dialysis

A
  • most of life spent in hospital
  • very expensive machinery is required
44
Q

what causes eggs to mature

A
  • FSH from the pituitary gland
  • oestrogen and Lh from the ovaries
45
Q

what does oestrogen do

A

inhibits FSH

46
Q

what does LH do

A

causes the egg to be released and allows it to be fertilised by sperm

47
Q

methods of contraception

A
  • birth control pills
  • progesterone injection/implant
  • condoms/diaphragm
  • IUD
  • abstinence
  • clamping of oviduct/vasectomy
48
Q

fertility treatments

A
  • FSH/LH injections
  • IVF treatment
49
Q

what does adrenaline do

A

increases blood flow and breathing rate

50
Q

what does thyroxine do

A

controls metabolic rate

51
Q

what happens when thyroxine levels are too low

A
  • hypothalamus releases TRH
  • pituitary gland releases TSH
  • thyroid releases more thyroxine
52
Q

plant hormones

A
  • gibberellins
  • ethene
  • auxins
53
Q

gibberellins

A
  • induces germination
  • promotes flowering
  • increases fruit size
54
Q

ethene

A

causes ripening
(released by bananas)

55
Q

auxins

A

destroyed by sunlight

56
Q

auxins in stems

A

phototropism

57
Q

auxins in roots

A

geotropism

58
Q

phototropism

A
  • shaded side of plant contains more auxin and grows longer
  • causes the stem to grow towards the light
59
Q

geotropism

A

auxins gather at the bottom of roots where it inhibits growth and causes roots to grow downwards

60
Q

practical uses of auxins

A
  • weed killers
  • rooting powders
  • promoting growth in tissue cultures

Biology (14 decks)

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