B2 - Cell Division

Question 1

adult stem cells

Answer 1

stem cells found in adults that can differentiate to form a limited number of cells such as bone marrow

Question 2

cell cycle

Answer 2

three stage process of cell division involving mitosis and resulting to form two identical daughter cells

Question 3

cloning

Answer 3

production of identical offspring by asexual reproduction

Question 4

differentiation

Answer 4

process where cells become specialised for a particular function

Question 5

embryonic stem cells

Answer 5

stem cells from an early embryo that can differentiate to form the specialised cells of the body

Question 6

mitosis

Answer 6

middle stage of the cell cycle where one set of new chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell forming two identical nuclei during cell division

Question 7

stem cells

Answer 7

undifferentiated cells with the potential to form a wide variety of different cell types

Question 8

therapeutic cloning

Answer 8

production of a genetically identical embryo to a patient so the cells can be used in medical treatments

Question 9

zygote

Answer 9

single cell formed by the fusion of gametes in sexual reproduction

Question 10

chromosome

Answer 10

compact DNA
46 chromosomes in a human cell

Question 11

DNA

Answer 11

deoxynucleic acid
genetic material that codes for life and proteins

Question 12

gene

Answer 12

section of DNA that codes to build proteins

Question 13

how are zygotes formed

Answer 13

fertilisation of the sperm and the egg

Question 14

phases of the cell cycle

Answer 14

interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

Question 15

interphase

Answer 15

DNA replication
cell carries out its functions
(80%)

Question 16

Mitosis

Answer 16

chromosomes align at centre of cell
chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell by the spindle
(10%)

Question 17

cytokinesis

Answer 17

division of cytoplasm and cell membrane to form two new cells
(10%)

Question 18

why is mitosis important to living organisms

Answer 18

for growth and repair

Question 19

why is the cell cycle needed

Answer 19

production of needed cells for organisms to grow and to replace and repair damaged/worn out cells

Question 20

multipotent

Answer 20

cells that can differentiate into many different specialised cells

Question 21

pluripotent

Answer 21

cells that can differentiate into all specialised cells

Question 22

elongation

Answer 22

cells swelling with water and expanding
how most plants growth

Question 23

meristems

Answer 23

tissues where growth and cell division occur
contain undifferentiated cells

Question 24

organisms that reproduce asexually

Answer 24

fungi: spores
strawberry plants: runners

Question 25

taking stem cells from the patient

Answer 25

injected to where they are needed
no chance of rejection

Question 26

taking stem cells from a donor

Answer 26

can trigger immune response: high chance of rejection
can transfer infections from donor to patient

Question 27

issues with adult stem cell therapy

Answer 27

adult stem cells are multipotent and differentiation is limited

Question 28

advantages of stem cells in therapeutic cloning

Answer 28

lots of potential, difficult to carry out
could grow organs with no rejection issues

Question 29

disadvantages/difficulties of stem cell use in therapeutic cloning

Answer 29

stability of egg with infused nucleus is weak
results in the destruction of an embryo after the stem cells are extracted (morality)

Question 30

features of a stem cell

Answer 30

undifferentiated - divide by mitosis

Question 31

potential sources of stem cells

Answer 31

aborted embryos
embryos left over from IVF
bone marrow
umbilical cord
amniotic fluid