Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > B10 - The Nervous System > Flashcards

B10 - The Nervous System Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

homeostasis

A

the control of conditions within the body - involves nervous pathways and hormonal/chemical pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

conditions that need to be maintained by homeostasis

A
  • body temperature - so enzymes don’t become denatured
  • water levels - so cells don’t rupture
  • glucose concentration - so cells don’t collapse due to the release of too much sugar
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

effectors

A

muscles or glands that bring about a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

receptors

A

cells that detect changes in the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

stimuli

A

changes in the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

coordination centres

A

areas that receive and process information and coordinate a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

pathway of control for body temperature

A
  1. rise and fall of body temp
  2. receptor - skin
  3. coordination centre - brain (hypothalamus)
  4. effectors - sweat glands, hairs on skin

nervous pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

pathway of control for water imbalance

A
  1. rise or fall of water levels in blood
  2. receptor - brain
  3. coordination centre - pituitary gland
  4. effector - sweat, dehydration

chemical hormone pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

pathway of control for blood glucose concentration

A
  1. rise or fall in blood glucose concentration
  2. receptor - pancreas
  3. coordination centre - pancreas
  4. effector - insulin and other hormones

chemical hormone pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

difference between nervous pathways and chemical hormone pathways

A
  • nervous pathways send extremely fast electrical nerve impulses through neurons
  • chemical hormone pathways send hormones not as fast through the bloodstream
  • effects of nerve impulses are short lasting
  • effects of hormones can last much longer - sometimes permanent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what makes up the CNS

A

brain and spinal cord
connected to the rest of the body with the peripheral nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

CNS vs PNS (penis lol🤭)

A
  • PNS - detects and carries out a response
  • CNS - coordinates the response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

structure of a sensory/motor neurone

A
  • nucleus
  • myelin sheath
  • axon
  • cell body
  • dendrite
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

structure of a relay neurone

A
  • cell body
  • nucleus
  • dendrite
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

myelin sheath

A

insulates the axon and speeds up the conduction of impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

reflex arc

A
  • contains three neurons (Sensory, Relay, Motor)
  • allows for rapid responses to changes in environment
  • does not involve the brain - reflex actions are involuntary
  • effector can be a muscle or a gland
  • receptors are found within sense organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

reflex actions

A

*crucial for survival
* involuntary actions - no involvement of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are receptors

A

specialised cells that detect stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what happens once receptors detect stimuli

A

nerve impulses are sent to the CNS along sensory neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

neurons

A

specialised nerve cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

synapse

A

junction between two neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

sensory neuron

A

carries nerve impulses to the CNS from the receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

motor neuron

A

carries the nerve impulse from CNS to an effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

relay neuron

A

connects a sensory and motor neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

nerve

A

bundle of neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

nerve impulse

A

electrical message that passes along a neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what factors affect reaction time

A
  • distractions eg: texting, talking
  • age
  • illness
28
Q

components of the brain

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary gland
  • cerebellum
  • medulla
29
Q

cerebral cortex

A

consciousness, intelligence, memory, language
large part at the top

30
Q

hypothalamus

A

temperature control
part in the middle

31
Q

pituitary gland

A

produces hormones
small bean shaped part that comes off the hypothalamus

32
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinated muscular activity and balance
second smaller brain looking thing at the back

33
Q

medulla

A

heartbeat, movement of the gut, breathing
part that comes own, relatively thin

34
Q

methods to study the brain

A
  • MRI scan (magnetic resonance imaging)
  • CT scan
35
Q

components of the eye

A
  • iris
  • choreid
  • retina
  • sclera
  • ciliary muscles
  • fovea
  • optic nerve
  • blind spot
  • vitrious humour
  • aqueous humour
  • pupil
  • cornea
  • conjunctiva
  • lens
  • suspensory ligaments
  • rods
  • cones
36
Q

iris

A

coloured ring of muscle that controls the amount of light that goes into our eyes

37
Q

choreid

A

black lining of the eye that stops light from being reflected inside the eye - contains the blood vessels which supply the eye with glucose and oxygen

38
Q

retina

A

light sensitive layer on the inside of the eye containing rods and cones. light is transduced into the electrical energy of nerve impulses

39
Q

sclera

A

tough white protective outer layer that the eye muscles attach to

40
Q

ciliary muscles

A
  • attach to the lens by suspensory ligaments
  • circular muscles which change in thickness of the lens during accommodation
41
Q

fovea

A
  • small depression in centre of retina containing cones
  • region with greatest concentration of sensory cells
  • formes extremely sharp images
42
Q

optic nerve

A

carries nerve impulses from the retina to the brain - a sensory neuron

43
Q

blind spot

A

point where optic nerve attaches to the cell and no light-sensitive cells are

44
Q

vitious humour

A

transparent jelly that maintains shape of eye

45
Q

aqueous humour

A

transparent liquid fills the front of the eye

46
Q

pupil

A

central hole formed by the iris that light enters through

47
Q

cornea

A

transparent part of the sclera that allows light to focus on the retina

48
Q

conjunctiva

A

transparent membrane that covers and protects the cornea

49
Q

lens

A

focuses light on the retina by changing in thickness

50
Q

suspensory ligaments

A

holds the lens in place and attaches to the ciliary muscles

51
Q

rods

A

detect motion

52
Q

cones

A

detect colour and precision in light

53
Q

accommodation

A

focussing

54
Q

what happens to the muscles in bright light

A
  • ciliary muscles contact
  • radial muscles relax
  • pupils constrict
55
Q

what happens to the muscles in dim light

A
  • ciliary muscles relax
  • radial muscles contract
  • pupils dilate
56
Q

how are the suspensory ligaments connected to the ciliary muscle

A

like spokes of a wheel

57
Q

focusing on a distant object

A
  1. ciliary muscles relax
  2. suspensory ligaments tense
  3. light rays are parallel
58
Q

focusing on a nearby object

A
  1. ciliary muscles contract
  2. suspensory ligaments loosen
  3. light rays are divergingmyopia
59
Q

myopia

A
  • short-sightedness
  • can focus on nearby objects
  • elongated eyeball means lens focuses sharpest image in front of the retina
  • corrected with concave lens - pushes the focal point back
60
Q

hyperopia

A
  • long-sightedness
  • can focus on distant objects
  • focuses the sharpest image behind the retina
  • corrected with convex lens - pulls the focal point forwards
61
Q

new technology in fixing vision

A
  • glasses
  • contact lenses
  • laser eye surgery
  • replacement lenses
62
Q

advantages of contact lenses

A
  • reduce image distortion
  • improves vision
63
Q

disadvantages of contact lenses

A

prone to shifting and dryness

64
Q

advantages of laser eye surgery

A
  • permanent solution
  • pain free surgery
65
Q

disadvantages of laser eye surgery

A
  • expensive
66
Q

advantages of replacement lenses

A
  • used to correct issues such as cataracts and presbyopia
  • drastically improves vision
67
Q

disadvantages of replacement lenses

A
  • infection
  • inflammation

Biology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions