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Biology > B4 - Organising Animals and Plants > Flashcards

B4 - Organising Animals and Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

role of the heart in the circulatory system

A

to pump the blood

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2
Q

how do valves control the direction of the blood flow in the heart

A
  • catch blood being forced into the wrong place
  • close - stopping it going the wrong way
  • maintains one way flow
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3
Q

structure of the heart

A
  • vena cava
  • right atrium
  • right ventricle
  • left atrium
  • left ventricle
  • heart valves
  • pulmonary vein
  • aorta
  • heart wall
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4
Q

vena cava

A

carries deoxygenated blood to the heart - to the right atrium

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5
Q

aorta

A

carries oxygenated blood around the body from the left ventricle

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6
Q

right atrium

A

deoxygenated blood

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7
Q

pulmonary artery

A

carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart towards the lungs

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8
Q

pulmonary vein

A

carries oxygenated blood away from the lungs towards the heart (into the left atrium)

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9
Q

how does blood move

A

contractions (heartbeats)

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10
Q

why is the left ventricle wall thicker than the right

A

to generate enough power to pump blood around the whole body not just the lungs like the right does

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11
Q

main structures of the circulatory system

A
  • heart
  • blood
  • blood vessels - veins, capillaries, arteries
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12
Q

why do warm blooded animals need a double circulatory system

A
  • to keep warm and maintain body temperature
  • separate circulations for lungs and body
  • more oxygen transported
  • higher rates of respiration
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13
Q

arteries

A
  • carry blood away from the heart
  • thicker walls
  • relatively small lumen
  • carry oxygenated blood (barr pulmonary)
  • not permeable
  • lower CO2 concentration
  • higher amino acids
  • higher glucose concentration
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14
Q

capillaries

A
  • carry blood between arteries and veins
  • one cell thick walls
  • very small lumen
  • semi-permeable
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15
Q

veins

A
  • carry blood towards the heart
  • thinner walls
  • relatively large lumen
  • carry deoxygenated blood
  • not permeable
  • higher CO2 concentration
  • lower amino acids
  • higher water concentration
  • higher lactic acid concentration
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16
Q

adaptations of the capillaries

A

shorter diffusion distance
for: oxygen going into the cells, glucose needed in the cells, lactic acid needed to be removed from the cells

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17
Q

why do we have blood

A
  • to transport glucose and oxygen
  • to protect immune system
  • to regulate body temperature
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18
Q

structure of blood

A
  • platelets
  • phagocytes
  • lymphocytes
  • white blood cells
  • red blood cells
  • plasma - hormones, CO2, vitamins
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19
Q

red blood cells

A
  • biconcave shape
  • haemoglobin
  • no nucleus
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20
Q

platelets

A
  • clot blood
  • activate enzymes to turn fibrinogen into an insoluble protein (fibrin)
  • fibrin forms a net
  • net traps other blood cells, clotting
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21
Q

magnification =

A

image size / actual size

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22
Q

white blood cells

A

contain phagocytes and lymphocytes

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23
Q

lymphocytes

A
  • recognise specific antigens on a pathogen
  • produce specific antibodies to destroy them
  • produces memory cells that remain in the blood to recognise the same pathogen-antibody pairing
    ACTIVE IMMUNITY
  • some antitoxins that counteract toxins released by pathogens
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24
Q

phagocytes

A
  • engulf any pathogen they encounter
  • digest them with enzymes
  • destroy the pathogen and prevent disease
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25
Q

coronary arteries

A

supply blood to the heart

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26
Q

what causes arteries to narrow

A

build up of cholesterol from diet of fried food/red meat

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27
Q

stent

A

small wire tube pushed through blood vessels to the heart that inflates like a cage balloon to widen the artery

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28
Q

advantages of stents

A
  • more blood - oxygen, glucose - can be supplied to the heart
  • prevents angina and heart attacks
  • can be done without general anaesthetic
  • only a short hospital stay, if any
  • costs less for the NHS than a bypass surgery
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29
Q

bypass surgery

A

vein taken from leg sewn around cholesterol affected artery

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30
Q

disadvantages of stents

A
  • can’t be used in severe cases
  • complications such as: artery wall thinning, blood clots, bleeding, infection
  • fatty deposits can accumulate on the stent and block the artery again
  • patient may have to change lifestyle
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31
Q

mechanical replacement heart valve

A
  • made of titanium/polymers
  • very durable
  • blood thinners must be taken to prevent formation of clots
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32
Q

biological replacement heart valve

A
  • from pigs or human donors
  • not as durable
  • no additional risk of clotting
33
Q

artificial pacemaker

A

device planted into the chest attached to the heart that sends out a strong electrical signal to make the heart beat properly

34
Q

why an artificial heart

A
  • patients who are young and very ill
  • as a placement until people can get a real heart
35
Q

arguments for artificial hearts

A
  • will keep a patient alive
36
Q

arguments against artificial hearts

A
  • wear out
  • patients with them usually need to stay in hospital - machinery
  • still at experimental stage
37
Q

adaptations of exchange surfaces

A
  • large surface are - more diffusion
  • thin wall - shorter diffusion distance
  • rich blood supply - maintains concentration gradient
38
Q

change in composition of exhaled and inhaled air

A

exhaled air has more CO2 than inhaled air - aerobic respiration

39
Q

gas exchange

A

exchange of oxygen going into the blood with the CO2 going out of the blood

40
Q

structures involved in gas exchange

A
  • rings of cartilage - prevent collapse
  • trachea
  • bronchioles
  • ribs
  • lungs
  • alveolus (alveoli)
  • bronchus (bronchi)
41
Q

how are alveoli adapted for gas exchange

A
  • very thin walls - shortens diffusion distance
  • breathing, in and out - maintains a high diffusion gradient
  • moist inner lining - allows gases to dissolve before diffusing into blood
  • many alveoli - increase surface area for diffusion
  • good blood supply - maintains steep diffusion gradient by removing oxygen and supplying large amounts of CO2
42
Q

breathing in

A
  1. ribs move up and out - diaphragm flattens and volume of chest increases
  2. increased volume means lower pressure
  3. atmospheric pressure higher than chest - draws air into lungs
43
Q

breathing out

A
  1. ribs fall - diaphragm moves up and volume of chest gets smaller
  2. decreased volume means increased pressure in the chest
  3. pressure in chest higher than out - air forced from the lungs
44
Q

what causes the diaphragm to flatten

A

ribs moving up contracts the muscles

45
Q

what causes ribs to move down

A

intercostal muscles

46
Q

process of breathing in

A
  • intercostal muscles contract
  • ribs move up and out
  • diaphragm contracts and flattens
  • volume of chest increases
  • pressure in chest decreases
  • air is drawn into the lungs
47
Q

process of breathing out

A
  • intercostal muscles relax
  • ribs move down and in
  • diaphragm relaxes and moves up
  • volume of chest decreases
  • pressure inside chest increases
  • air forced out the lungs
48
Q

ventilation

A

process of getting oxygen from the atmosphere

49
Q

respiration

A

using oxygen in mitochondria exchange for glucose

50
Q

phloem cells

A

cell walls between cells break down to form sieve plates which allows flow of sugar solution

51
Q

xylem cells

A

contain spiral rings of lignin to make them stronger

52
Q

root hair cells

A

large surface area to increase water uptake

53
Q

palisade cell

A

contain many chloroplasts (containing chlorophyll) that trap light needed for photosynthesis

54
Q

function of mitochondria in root hair cells

A

releases energy through respiration

55
Q

functions and adaptations of the xylem

A
  • transports water from the roots
  • thick walls stiffened with lignin to withstand high water pressures
  • no end walls between cells to allow the continuous flow of water
  • water flows in one direction to evapourate from the leaves
56
Q

functions and adaptations of the phloem

A
  • transports glucose made in photosynthesis in the leaf to other parts of the plant where it is needed
  • sugar solution can flow in both directions
  • sieve plates (perforated cell walls) allow the flow of sugar solution
  • companion cells provide the required energy
57
Q

functions and adaptations of the epidermis

A

covers surface of the leaf to provide protection and prevent water loss

transparent to allow light through

58
Q

functions and adaptation of the palisade mesophyll

A
  • allows for gas exchange
  • many chloroplasts mean more chlorophyll
  • packed with chloroplasts
59
Q

functions and adaptations of the spongy mesophyll

A
  • layer of irregularly shaped cells where gas exchange occurs
  • many air spaces create large surface area for gas exchange
60
Q

why do plants need water

A
  • reactant in photosynthesis
  • allows plant cells to remain turgid
  • transports dissolved minerals around the plant
61
Q

transpiration

A

the loss of water through the stomata

62
Q

transpiration stream

A

passive movement of water up the xylem and out of the stomata

63
Q

what happens in the roots

A
  • water moves from the soil to the root hair cells via osmosis
64
Q

what happens in the stem

A
  • water moves up the xylem in a continuous column due to cohesion
65
Q

what happens in the leaf

A
  • water exits the xylem via osmosis and enters the leaf cells for photosynthesis
66
Q

what happens in the stomata

A
  • water diffuses out of the spongy cells into airspaces and then evapourates through transpiration
67
Q

stomata

A
  • pores found on the undersides of leaves
  • site of gas exchange
  • open when it is light, close when it is dark
68
Q

what factors can affect transpiration

A
  • temperature
  • humidity
  • abundance
  • wind intensity
  • light intensity
69
Q

effect of temperature on rate of transpiration

A

increased temperature, increased transpiration

  • concentration gradient will steepen
  • increased kinetic energy means water molecules evapourate faster
70
Q

effect of humidity on transpiration

A

increased humidity, decreased transpiration

  • concentration gradient will steepen the concentration gradient the other way
71
Q

effect of abundance of stomata on transpiration

A

increased stomata, increased transpiration

72
Q

effect of wind intensity on transpiration

A

increased wind velocity, increased transpiration

  • wind blows water away from the stomata as soon as it is released
73
Q

effect of light intensity on transpiration

A

increased light intensity, increased transpiration

74
Q

adaptations of a xerophytic plant

A
  • very waxy cuticle
  • sunken stomata
  • spines not leaves (lower the surface area)
  • silvery hairs
  • less stomata
75
Q

translocation

A

movement of photosynthetic products in the phloem

76
Q

what happens in translocation

A

sugars and amino acids move from where they are made (sources) to where they are needed (sinks)

77
Q

functions and adaptations of the guard cells

A

open and close the stomata

  • controls size of stomatal opening
78
Q

how does diabetes cause body cells to lose more water

A

Biology (14 decks)

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