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Botany > Notes > Flashcards

Notes Flashcards

1
Q

botany

A

scientific study of plants

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2
Q

what does botany include

A

anatomy, physiology, taxonomy, ecology,

can include photosynthetic protists, fungi, bacteria, and cynobacteria

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3
Q

what do we get from plant

A

food, O2, cotton, paper, wood, medicine (photoalexing), aspirin, opiates, salve (aloe), coffee, tea, chocolate, tobacco, water, alcohol, perfumes, shade, prevent erosion, soap, dyes, fossil fuels

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4
Q

when did botany become specialized

A

past 3 centuries

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5
Q

subdivisions of botany

A

physiology, ecology, anatomy, morphology, taxonomy, systematics, evolution, genetics, paleontology, pharmacology, molecular biology, cells biology, histology, conservation, geobiology, pathology, biotechnology, genomics, horticulture, forestry, range management,

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6
Q

what does botany not include

A

mycology, phycology,

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7
Q

cell theory

A

1- all organisms are made of 1 or more cells
2- cells are the fundamental units of structure, function & organization, cells are the smallest unit of life, nothing smaller than cell can be alive
3- new cells come from preexisting cells

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8
Q

what makes up plant cell

A

1- protoplast
2- cell wall
cell wall and plasma membrane and its contents

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9
Q

what is in protoplast

A

1- plasma membrane
2- nucleus
3- vacuole
4- cytoplasm

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10
Q

plasma membrane

A

forms boundary at outer edges of protoplast, regulates entry & exit of material, coordinates synthesis of cell wall, interprets signals from outside of cell

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11
Q

nuclues

A

controls cell activity by directing protein synthesis, contains DNA

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12
Q

vacuole

A

central, greater than 90% of cell volume, full of water, pigments, salts, organic solutes, toxins

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13
Q

cytoplasm

A

region of cell exterior of nucleus, vacuole & interior to plasma membrane

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14
Q

what does cytoplasm include

A

numerous organelles that are suspended in fluid cytosol

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15
Q

what are some organelles in the cytoplasm

A

golgi apparatus, mitochondrion, ribosomes, ER, chloroplasts, microbodies

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16
Q

cell wall

A

cellulose and additional polysaccharides like hemicellulose and pectins

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17
Q

what is a major component of plant cells

A

cellulose

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18
Q

do cells always have a primary cell wall

A

yes

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19
Q

what is between 2 cells

A

middle lamella

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20
Q

what is middle lamella

A

area between 2 cells and composed of pectin substances

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21
Q

hole
plasmodesmata
cytoplasmic

A

connection between cells

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22
Q

secondary cell walls

A

not always present

interior to primary cell wall, after cell quits growing & very rigid, has lignin

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23
Q

what does lignin provide

A

structure, adds strength to cells, especially xylem

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24
Q

pit

A

area

opening that lacks secondary cell wall but primary cell wall present

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25
Q

what are the 2 types of cell division

A

mitosis

meiosis

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26
Q

mitosis

A

eukaryotes, results in exact copies

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27
Q

meiosis

A

eukaryotes, daughter cells 1/2 ploidy level, & genetically unique
can involve cells of any ploidy level

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28
Q

what does meiosis lead to in animals

A

gamates

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29
Q

what does meiosis lead to in plants

A

spores

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30
Q

general cell types of plants

A

parenchyma
callenchyma
sclerenchyma

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31
Q

paranchyma

A

make paranchyma tissue, occur in plants as continuous masses, mast abundant and versatile cells in plants

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32
Q

paranchyma characteristics

A

unthickened primary cell wall, living at maturity capable of cell division involved in photosynthesis

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33
Q

what are parenchyma cells involved in

A

involved in photosynthesis, storage and secretion

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34
Q

collenchyma

A

collencyma tissue, give structure, support, usually occur under epidermis in stems and in leaf petioles

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35
Q

characteristics of collenchyma

A

unevenly thickened primary cell wall, living at maturity, walls can stretch, support young growing structures of flower and leaves

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36
Q

sclerenchyma

A

usually lack protoplasts at maturity (most type non living)
not flexible, no more growth is possible
fibers and sclerids

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37
Q

characteristics of sclerenchyma

A

thick, often lignified secondary wall

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38
Q

what is sclerenchyma important in

A

strengthening element in plant parts that have reached mature size

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39
Q

fibers

A

long, skinny slender occur in strands or bundles

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40
Q

sclerids

A

short, stout, variable in shape

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41
Q

meristems

A

activate cell division in plants

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42
Q

primary growth

A

growth that results from cell division

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43
Q

in primary meristem where does growth occur

A

apical meristem of root and shoots, results in lengthening or roots and shoots

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44
Q

apical meristem

A

primary meristem- tissue system- tissues
protoderm- dermal- epidermis
ground meristem- ground- parenchyma, sclernchyma, cotex, callenchyma, mesophyll, pith
procambian- vascular- primary xyleum, primary phloem

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45
Q

what do meristems contain

A

cells that able to divide repeatedly

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46
Q

what does plant growth include

A

both cell division and cell enlargement

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47
Q

primary

A

occurs first

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48
Q

secondary

A

occurs second

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49
Q

primary growth

A

growth from cell division in primary meristem

lengthening of plant part

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50
Q

secondary growth

A

growth from cell division in a secondary meristem

thickening of plant part

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51
Q

primary cell wall

A

laid down around all plant cells

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52
Q

secondary cell wall

A

thick cell wall laid to interior of primary cell wall

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53
Q

tissues

A

groups of cells that perform a common function

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54
Q

what can a tissue do that cells cannont

A

perform functions

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55
Q

tissue systems

A

ground tissue, vascular, dermal

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56
Q

ground tissue system

A

bulk of plant body

pith of stem, cortex of stem and root, mesophyll of leaf

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57
Q

vascular tissue system

A

used for transport
xylem
phloem

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58
Q

xylem

A

transports water up
principle water conducting tissue in plants, also involved in mineral conduction and support
secondary cell wall, strong, plants first get big

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59
Q

what are the principal conduction cells of xylem

A

vessel elements

tracheids

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60
Q

vessel elements

A

perforation,

opening, no cell wall

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61
Q

tracheids

A

no perforation, has pits, tapered ends

long and narrow

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62
Q

phloem

A

transports food thru plant
principal food conducting tissue in vascular plants
transports products of photosynthesis (sugars) disolved in water

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63
Q

what are the principal cell types of phloem

A

sieve tube elements

companion cells

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64
Q

sieve tube elements

A

living, tube like

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65
Q

companion cells

A

gives metabolic functions to sieve tube elements

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66
Q

cells of epidermis

A 
unspecialized tabloid cells
guard cells, subsidiary cells
trichomes (epidermal hairs)
may be several layers thick
multiple epidermis is thought to serve as water storage tissue
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67
Q

guard cells

A

regulate opening and closing of stomata

68
Q

stomated

A

often associated with epidermal cells called subsidiary cells

69
Q

are subsidiary cells always present with guard cells

A

no

70
Q

function of trichomes (leaf hairs)

A

reduce water loss, increase reflection of solar radiation, may provide defense against insects

71
Q

dermal tissue system

A

primary- epidermis

secondary- periderm

72
Q

epidermis

A

outermost layer of cells of the primary plant body, covers plant

73
Q

function of dermal tissue system

A

protection against herbivores, absorption of water and minerals (roots, secretion of cuticle, prevent water loss (shoots), control gas exchange

74
Q

secondary growth

A

results in thickening of stems and roots

produced by secondary meristems

75
Q

what makes up the secondary plant body

A

vascular cambian, cork cambian

76
Q

what does a seed consist of

A

seed coat, embryo, stored food (biggest variable)

77
Q

mature embryo and see

A

embryo consists of stem-like axis with cotyledons

78
Q

what are cotyledons

A

seed leaves of young plant

79
Q

monocot

A

one cotyledon

80
Q

dicot

A

two cotyleons

81
Q

embryonic structures

A

epicotyl
plumule
hypocotyl
radicle

82
Q

epicotyl

A

embryonic stem above cotyledons

83
Q

plumule

A

embryonic shoot

84
Q

hypoctyl

A

embryonic stem below cotyldons

85
Q

radicle

A

embryonic root

86
Q

what are cotyledon of dicot embryos usually

A

fleshy

87
Q

do dicot cotyledons occupy most of see

A

yes

88
Q

what is the function of monocot cotyldon

A

food storage
photosynthetic organ
absorbing structure

89
Q

what has the most highly developed embryo of monocots

A

gasses

90
Q

what do grasses possess

A

massive cotyledon called scutellum

91
Q

scutellum functions

A

absorption of food stored in endosperm

92
Q

seed coat

A

all seeds are enclosed

varies from papery to extremely tough

93
Q

purpose of seed coat

A

protect enclosed embryo and stored food

94
Q

micropyle

A

opening through which pollen tube entered ovule of flower, visible in seed coat as a small pore commonly associated with scar called hilum

95
Q

embryo formation

A

begins with division of zygote
at lower end, a stalk-like suspensor develops
anchors embryo and absorbs nutrients

96
Q

globular stage of embryo development

A

embryo develops into a nearly spherical structure

undifferentiated cells at first, primary meristem later forms

97
Q

cotyledon development

“heart shaped stage”

A

in dicots globular stage begins to develop into 2 lobed form

98
Q

“torpedo stage”

A

development continues, cotyledon and embryo elongate, embryo becomes curved

99
Q

during embryo development does nutrients move from parent to tissue ovule

A

yes

100
Q

what happens after the stop of the movement of nutrients to seed

A

placenta (point of attachment) separates from ovary

101
Q

what happens after placenta separates from ovary

A

seed becomes desiccated and goes into dormancy

see coat hardens

102
Q

requirements for germination

A

resumption of embryonic growth called germination

103
Q

what does germination depend on

A

water, oxygen, temperature, light

104
Q

what seeds require exposure to light to germinate

A

small seeds like lettuce

105
Q

dormant seeds

A

fail to germinate even when conditions are favorable

106
Q

what is dormancy great for

A

great value to survival value to plant

ensures favorable conditions for germination

107
Q

what is the first structure to emerge from the seed

A

radicle or embryonic root

108
Q

what does the radicle allow

A

for seedling to become anchored in soil and begin absorbing water

109
Q

what is the first root called

A

primary root

110
Q

epigeous germination

A

cotyledon is above ground

111
Q

what is considered plumule

A

anything above ground

112
Q

castor beans

A

epigeous, dicot, food stored in endosperm

seed coat poisonus

113
Q

hypogeous

A

cotyledon stays below ground

114
Q

pea

A

hypogeous, dicot,

115
Q

shoot emergence in monocots

A

onion, epigious, singular tubular cotyledon forms the hook, cotyledon is also photosynthetic

116
Q

corn

A

hypogeous, radicle is covered by coleorhiza breaks through, coleoptile reaches soil, 1st leaves of plumule emerge

117
Q

root

A

hidden half

underground portion of plants

118
Q

root functions

A

anchorage and absorption of water and minerals
nutrient storage, produce hormones
some modified for support, aeration, propagation, and parasitism

119
Q

2 types of root systems

A

taproot

fibrous

120
Q

what is the first root of a plant called

A

primary root

121
Q

what does primary root become in gymnosperms and dicots

A

taproot

122
Q

what does primary root become in monocots

A

short lived, has fibrous root system

123
Q

adventitious root

A

develop at the base of stem, gives rise to fibrous root system,

124
Q

fibrous root system

A

forms extensive mass of similarly sized roots

125
Q

adventitious root

A

roots that grow from somewhere other than another root (from stem or leaves)

126
Q

origin and growth of primary root tissues

A

tip of root is covered by root cap

127
Q

root cap

A

sleeve like mass of cells that protects the growing tip has mucigel and senses gravity

128
Q

mucigel

A

lubricates root as it passes through soil, protects root from desiccation

129
Q

root parts

A

procambium- middle
ground meristem (cortex)- around middle
apical meristem- tip of root
protoderm- outer layer of root

130
Q

growth regions of root

A

at tip- apical meristem- region of cell division

beyond (rod) is region of elongation, beyond (roe) is region of maturation

131
Q

apical meristem in root

A

gives rise to new root cells,

132
Q

primary regions of roots

A

internally relatively simple due to absence of leaves (no nodes or internodule)

133
Q

epidermis

A

in young roots, absorbs water and minerals

aided by root hairs

134
Q

root hairs

A

tubular extensions of epidermal cells that increase absorptive surface area

135
Q

where is root hairs confined to

A

region of maturation

136
Q

cortex

A

occupies greatest part of root
cells store starch and other substances
numerous intercellular spaces in cortex

137
Q

what is the inner layer of the cortex called

A

endodermis

138
Q

endodermis

A

universal arrangement of cells, compact arrangement of cells (inner wall thickened

139
Q

what do some cells have in the root

A

exodermis

140
Q

exodermis

A

outer layers of cortex, compact arrangement of cells

141
Q

vascular cylinder (stele)

A

consists of vascular tissue and pericycle

142
Q

pericycle

A

origin of lateral roots

contributes to vascular cambium in roots with secondary growth

143
Q

vascular cylinder in dicots

A

solid core of primary xylem, ridge like projections of xylem extend toward pericycle
between xylem ridges are strands of primary phloem

144
Q

vascular cylinder in monocots

A

center of vascular cylinder occupied by pith, xylem not in ridges as in dicots, phloem alternates with xylem

145
Q

secondary growth

A

secondary growth in roots & (stems) consists of the formation of secondary xylem and secondary phloem

146
Q

where does secondary phloem and secondary xylem come from

A

vascular cambium

147
Q

where does periderm come from

A

cork cambium

148
Q

secondary growth in roots

A

vascular cambium between primary xylem and primary phloem produces secondary xylem inside and secondary phloem outside
primary xylem and primary phloem separated by secondary growth

149
Q

periderm

A

cork (produced to outside)
cork cambium (secondary meristem)
phelloderm ( produced to inside)

150
Q

what does periderm do

A

replaces epidermis as protective covering

151
Q

lenticels

A

portions of periderm that allow gas exchange between roots and surrounding soil

152
Q

origin of lateral roots

A

arises in pericycle

develops root cap and apical meristem prior to emerging from parent root

153
Q

aerial roots

A

adventitious root produced from above ground structures

154
Q

what does roots require for respiration

A

oxygen

155
Q

how do plants deal with the need for oxygen in wetlands

A

form aerenchyma to ventilate submerged tissues

some develop roots that grow up out of water

156
Q

pneumatophores

A

roots that grows up out of water to provide aeration

157
Q

special root adaptations

A

contractile roots
epiphytes
parasitism
buttress roots

158
Q

contractile roots

A

shorten to pull bulb into ground

159
Q

epiphytes

A

grow on other plants, but are not parasitic on them

160
Q

parasitism

A

haustoria

161
Q

buttress roots

A

help provide support for large trees

162
Q

adaptations for food storage

A

most roots are storage organ for nutrients

some storage roots are fleshy because of an abundance of storage parenchyma

163
Q

mutualism

A

species interaction where both species benefit

164
Q

what is a type of mutualism

A

mycorrhiza (fungus root)

165
Q

mycorrhiza

A

roots must form a mutualistic relationship with fungi because it aids plant in water and mineral absorption

166
Q

two types of mycorrhiz

A

endo-inside plant cells

exo- outside plant cells

167
Q

what is a root nodules

A

bacteria reduce nitrogen so plant can use it

Botany (5 decks)

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