Lab Vocab Flashcards
agriculture
the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products
autotroph
an organism that is able to synthesize the nutritive substances it requires from inorganic substances in the environment
cereal
any grass cultivated (grown) for the edible components of its grain composed of the endosperm, germ, and bran
crop
a cultivated plant that is grown as food, especially a grain, fruit, or vegetable
domestication
the cultivation of a plant for food
essential amino acid
Essential amino acids cannot be made by the body. As a result, they must come from food
grass
vegetation consisting of typically short plants with long, narrow leaves, growing wild or cultivated on lawns and pasture, and as a fodder crop
herb
a nonwoody seed plant with a relatively short lived aerial portion
heterotroph
an organism that cannot manufacture organic compounds and so must feed on organic materials that have originated in other plants and animals
legume
a member of the Fabacaeae. the pea or bean family, a type of dry simple fruit that is derived from one carpel and opens along both sides
spice
an aromatic or pungent vegetable substance used to flavor food, e.g. cloves, pepper, or cumin
“bundle cap” of fibers
layer of sclerenchyma or thickened parenchyma cells at the tip of a vascular bundle
cell
the structural unit of organisms; in plants, cells consists of the cell wall and protoplast
cell wall
the rigid outmost layer of the cells found in plants, some protists, and most prokaryotes
collenchyma
a supporting tissue composed of collenchyma cells; common in regions of primary growth in stems and some leaves
companion cell
a specialized parenchyma cell associated with a sieve-tube element in angiosperm phloem and arising from the same mother cell as the sieve-tube element
cuticle
waxy or fatty layer on outer wall of epidermal cells, formed of cutin and wax
dermal tissue system
the outer covering tissue of the plant; the epidermis of the periderm
epidermis
the outermost layer layer of cells of the leaf and a young stems and roots; primary in origin
fiber
an elongated, tapering, generally thick-walled sclerenchyma cell of vascular plants; its walls may or may not be lignified; it may or may not have a living protoplast at maturity
ground meristem
the primary meristem, or meristematic tissue, that gives rise to the ground tissues
ground tissue system
all tissues other than the epidermis (or periderm) and the vascular tissues; also called fundamental tissue system
guard cell
pairs of specialized epidermal cells surrounding a pore, or stoma; changes in the turgor of a pair of guard cells cause opening and closing of the pore
meristem
embryonic issue regions, primarily concerned with formation of new cells
ontogeny
the development, or life history, of all or part of an individual organism
organ
a structure composed of different tissues, such as root, stem, leave, or flower parts
parenchyma
a tissue composed of parenchyma cells
phloem
the food-conducting tissue of vascular plants, which is composed of sieve elements, various kinds of parenchyma cells, fibers, and sclerids
plant body
consists of the shoot system (leaves, buds, stems, flowers and fruits) and the root system (roots). Each organ is made up of cells organized into tissue systems: dermal, vascular and ground
primary cell wall
the wall layer deposited during the period of cell expansion
primary growth
in plants, growth originating in the apical meristems of shoots and roots, as contrasted with secondary growth
primary meristem
a tissue derived from the apical meristem; of three kinds: protoderm, procambium, and ground meristem
primary plant body
the part of the plant body arising from the apical meristems and their derivative meristematic tissues; composed entirely of primary tissues
protoderm
primary meristematic tissue that gives rise to epidermis
protoplast
the protoplasm of an individual cell; in plants, the units of protoplasm inside the cell wall
sclereid
a sclerenchyma cell with a thick, lignified secondary wall having many pits. sclerids are variable in form but typically not very long; the may or may not be living a maturity
sclerenchyma
a supporting tissue composed of sclerenchyma cells, including fibers and sclerids
secondary cell wall
innermost layer of cell wall, formed in certain cells after cell elongation has ceased; secondary walls have a highly organized microfibrillar structure
secondary growth
in plants, growth derived from secondary or lateral meristems, the vascular cambium and cork cambium; secondary growth results in an increase in girth, and is contrasted with primary growth, which results in an increase in length
secondary meristem
a meristem that develops from cells that have differentiated and functioned as part of a mature tissue system and then become meristematic again
sieve tube element
one of the components of a sieve tube; found primarily in flowering plants and typically associated with a companion cell; also called sieve-tube member
stomate (stoma)
a minute opening, bordered by guard cells, in the epidermis of leaves and stems through which gases pass; also used to refer to the entire stomatal apparatus- the guard cells plus the included pore
subsidiary cell
an epidermal cell morphologically distinct from other epidermal cells an associated with a pair of guard cells; also called accessory cell
tissue
a group of similar cells organized into a structural and functional unit
tissue system
a tissue or group of tissues organized into a structural and functional unit in a plant or plant organ. there are three tissue systems: dermal, ground and vascular
tracheary element
the general term for a water-conducting cell in vascular plants; tracheids and vessel elements
tracheid
an elongated, thick-walled conducting and supporting cell of xylem. it has tapering ends and pitted walls without perforations, as contrasted with a vessel element. found in nearly all vascular plants
trichome
an outgrowth of the epidermis, such as a hair, scale, or water vesicle
vascular bundle
a strand of tissue containing primary xylem and primary phloem (and procambium if still present) and frequently enclosed by a bundle sheath of parenchyma or fibers
vascular tissue system
comprised of the xylem and the phloem, the main transport systems of plants. They typically occur together in vascular bundles in all plant organs, traversing roots, stems, and leaves
vessel element
one of the cells composing a vessel; also called vessel member
xylem
a complex vascular tissue through which most of the water and minerals of a plant are conducted; characterized by the presence of tracheary elements
caryopsis
simple, dry one- seeded indehiscent fruit with the pericarp firmly united all around the seed coat; a grain characteristic of the grasses
coleoptile
the sheath enclosing the apical meristem and leaf primordia of the grass embryo; often interpreted as the first leaf
coleorhiza
the sheath enclosing the radicle in the grass embryo
cotyledon
seed leaf; generally absorbs food in the monocotyledons and stores food in other angiosperms
dicot
obsolete term used to refer to all angiosperms other than monocotyledons; characterized by having two cotyledons
embryo
a young sporophytic plant, before the start of a period of rapid growth
embryogenesis
development of tan embryo from a fertilized egg, or zygote;
embryonic axis
embryonic “shoot” and “root” develop as well; taken together,
endosperm
a tissue, containing stored food, that develops from the union of a male nucleus and the polar nuclei of the central cell; it is digested by the growing sporophyte either before or after the maturation of the seed; found only in angiosperms
epicotyl
the upper portion of the axis of an embryo or seedling, above the cotyledons (seed leaves) and below the next leaf of leaves
epigeous
type of seed germination in which the cotyledons are carried above the ground
foliage leaf
a normal leaf, as opposed to petals and other modified leaves
funiculus
brownish carotenoid found in brown algae and chrysophytes
germination
the beginning or resumption of growth by a spore, seed, bud or structure
globular stage
he embryos continued spherical expansion. In addition, oblong embryos continued axial growth, without the introduction of cotyledons
heart-shaped stage
transition period where the cotyledons finally start to form and elongate. It is given this name in eudicots because most plants from this group have two cotyledons, giving the embryo a heart shaped appearance. The shoot apical meristem is between the cotyledons
hilum
round scar on the seed. it is found on the concave side of a bean and represents the point of attachment between the seed and the fruit which it developed
hypocotyl
the portion of an embryo or seedling situated between the cotyledons and the radicle
hypogeous
type of seed germination in which the cotyledons remain underground
lateral roots
a root that arises from another, older root;
leaf
the principal lateral appendage of the stem; highly variable in both structure and function; the foliage leaf is specialized as a photosynthetic organ
mesocotyl
the internode between the scutellar node and the coleoptile in the embryo and seedling of grasses
micropyle
small circular scar found on the other side of the hilum (opposite of the raphe). marks the opening where the pollen tube entered the ovule during fertilization and it serves as an entry point for water during germination of the seed
monocot
a plant whose embryo has one cotyledon; one of the wo great classes of angiosperms, Monocotyledons
plumule
the first bud of an embryo; the portion of the young shoot above the cotyledons
primary root
the first root of the plant; developing in continuation of the root tip or radicle of the embryo; taproot
radicle
the embryonic root
raphe
small projection or ridge at one end of the hilum, this is a remnant of the stalk that attached the seed to the fruit, but is not always present
scutellum
the single cotyledon of a grass embryo, specialized for absorption of the endosperm
seed
a structure formed by the maturation of the ovule of seed plants following fertilization
seed plant
a plant that produces seeds, as opposed to one that produces spores
seed leaf
embryonic leaf formed by a seedling. It may remain in the ground when the seed germinates, or it could form a pair of initial proto-leaves that help provide photosynthesis during early life
suspensor
a structure at the base of the embryo in many vascular plants. in some plants, it pushes the embryo into nutrient rich tissue of the female gametophyte
torpedo stage
parts of the suspensor complex must be terminated. The suspensor complex is shortened because at this point in development most of the nutrition from the endosperm has been utilized, and there must be space for the mature embryo
aerial root
oots above the ground. They are almost always adventitious. They are found in diverse plant species, including epiphytes such as orchids (Orchidaceae), tropical coastal swamp trees such as mangroves, banyan figs
anchcorage
condition of being secured to a base
apical meristem
the meristem at the tip of the root or shoot in a vascular plant
bacteroid
an enlarged, deformed cell found in root nodules; capable of nitrogen fixation
buttress root
wide roots on all sides of a shallowly rooted tree. Typically, they are found in nutrient-poor tropical forest soils that may not be very deep. They prevent the tree from falling over (hence the name buttress) while also gathering more nutrients
cellulose
a carbohydrate; the chief component of the cell wall in plants and some protists; an insoluble complex carbohydrate formed of microfibrils of glucose molecules attached end to end
cork cambrium
the lateral meristem that forms the periderm, producing cork (phellem) toward the surface (outside) of the plant and phelloderm toward the inside; common in stems and roots of gymnosperms and woody angiosperms
cortex
ground-tissue region of a stem or root bounded externally by epidermis and internally by the vascular system; a primary-tissue region; also used to refer to the peripheral region of a cell protoplast
endodermis
a single layer of cells forming a sheath around the vascular region in roots and some stems; the endodermal cells are characterized by a Casparian strip within radial and transverse walls. in roots and stems of seed plants, the endodermis is the innermost layer of the cortex.
epiphyte
an organism that grows upon another organism but is not parasitic on it
epidermis
the outermost layer of cells of the leaf and of young stems and roots; primary and origin
exodermis
the outer layer, one or more cells in depth, of the cortex in some roots; these cells are characterized by Casparian strips within the readial and transverse walls, following development of Casparian strips, a suberin lamella is deposited on all walls of the exodermis.
fibrous root system
usually formed by thin, moderately branching roots growing from the stem. A fibrous root system is universal in monocotyledonous plants and ferns. The fibrous root systems look like a mat made out of roots when the tree has reached full maturity
haustorium
a projection of a fungal hypha that functions as a penetrating and absorbing organ; in parasitic angiosperms, a modified root capable of penetrating and absorbing materials from host tissues.
hyphae
a single tubular filament of a fungus, oomycete, or chytrid; the hyphae together comprise the mycelium
lenticel
spongy areas in the cork surfaces of stem, roots, and other plant parts that allow interchange of gases between internal tissues and the atmosphere through the periderm; occur in vascular plants
mutualism
the living of two or more organisms in an association that is mutually advantageous
mycorrhizae
a symbiotic association between certain fungi and plant roots; characteristic of most vascular plants
nitrogen fixing bacteria
soil bacteria that convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen compounds
nodule
enlargement or swellings on the roots of legumes and certain other plants inhabited by symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria
pericycle
a tissue characteristic of roots that is bounded externally by the endodermis and internally by the phloem
periderm
outer protective tissue that replaces epidermis when it is destroyed during secondary growth; includes cork, cork cambium, and phelloderm
pith
the ground tissue occupying the enter of the stem and root within the vascular cylinder; usually consists of parenchyma
pneumatophore
negatively gravitropic extensions of the root systems of some trees growing in swampy habitats; they grow upward and out of the water and probably function to ensure adequate aeration
primary phloem
phloem that forms from the procambium during the primary growth. The primary growth is responsible for the growth in length in plants. The procambium is a meristematic tissue that enables the primary growth of a plant
primary xylem
xylem that is formed during the primary growth from procambium of apical meristems.
procambium
a primary meristematic tissue that gives rise to primary vascular tissues
prop root
adventitious roots arising from the stem above soil level and helping to support the plant; common in many monocots, for example maize
region of cell division
closest to the root tip and is made up of the actively-dividing cells of the root meristem, which contains the undifferentiated cells of the germinating plant
region of elongation
where the newly-formed cells increase in length, thereby lengthening the root. Beginning at the first root hair is the zone of cell maturation where the root cells differentiate into specialized cell types
region of maturation
Matured cells differentiate into various tissues like root hairs and permanent region
root
the usually descending axis of a plant, normally below ground, which serves to anchor the plant and to absorb and conduct water and minerals into it
root cap
a thimble like mass of cells that covers and protects the growing tip of a root
root hair
tubular outgrowths of epidermal cells of the root; greatly increase the absorbing surface of the root
root hair zone
small thread like parts of the root. Root hair zone: part of the root on which are located the root hairs that absorbs water and nutrients
secondary phloem
phloem that forms from the vascular cambium during the secondary growth. The secondary growth is responsible for the growth in girth in plants, especially trees. The vascular cambium is the meristematic tissue involved in this type of growth
secondary xylem
refers to the formation that occurs after the vascular cambium’s secondary growth
stele
the central cylinder, inside the cortex, of roots and stems of vascular plants
taproot
the primary root of a plant formed in direct continuation with the root tip or radicle of the embryo; forms a stout, tapering main root from which arise smaller, lateral roots
taproot system
roots off of a taproot
vascular cambium
a cylindrical sheath of meristematic cells, the division of which produces secondary phloem and secondary xylem
velamen
a multiple epidermis covering the aerial roots of some orchids and aroids; also occurs on some terrestrial roots
alternate
1
annual rings
1
axillary bud
1
bud
1
bud scales
1
bulb
1
cambial zone
1
closed vascular bundle
1
conduction
1
cork cambium
1
corn
1
cross section
1
dermal tissue
1
diffuse-porous wood
1
early wood
1
ground tissue
1
growth rings
1
heartwood
1
herbacious
1
hypodermis
1
internode
1
late wood
1
lateral bud
1
leaf scar
1
lumen
1
multiseriate
1
node
1
non-porous wood
1
open vascular bundle
1
opposite
1
phloem fibers
1
phyllotaxy
1
pit
1
pore “porous”
1
radial section
1
ray
1
resin duct
1
rhizome
1
ring-porous wood
1
sapwood
1
sclerenchyma sheath
1
spring wood
1
stem
1
stolon
1
summer wood
1
tangential section
1
tendril
1
thorn
1
transverse section
1
terminal bud
1
terminal bud scale scars
1
tuber
1
twig
1
uniseriate
1
vascular bundle scar
1
vascular ray
1
vascular tissue
1
vessel
1
whorled
1
winter twig
1
wood
1
woody
1
