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Botany > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what do seeds give plants

A

survival adpatation

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2
Q

what does a seed do

A

protect enclosed embryo with a seed coat, contains stored food, and can reman dormant

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3
Q

seeds

A

mature ovule containing an embryo

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4
Q

how many generations is a seed composed of

A

3

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5
Q

what are the 3 generations in a seed

A

offspring (seedling generation) (2n) - embryo
megagametophyte (n) - stored food
seed coat is maternal tissue (parent generation) (2n) - seed coat

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6
Q

characteristics of seed plants

are the heterosporous or homosporous

A

all are heterosporous

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7
Q

characteristics of seed plants

where is megagametophyte retained

A

within the original megasporangium

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8
Q

characteristics of seed plants

how many additional layers of tissue, enclose

A

one or two

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9
Q

characteristic of seeds plants

what is the tissue that encloses seed called

A

integument

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10
Q

characteristic of seed plants

what is the opening at the apex of the megasporangium called

A

micropyle

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11
Q

characteristic of seed plants

what is an ovule

A

nucellus and integument

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12
Q

characteristic of seed plants

what happens after fertilization

A

ovule develops into seed

integument develops into seed coat

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13
Q

what is the nucellus

A

megasporangium

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14
Q

what is not required for male gamete to reach egg

A

water

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15
Q

what carries pollen

A

water, air, or animals

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16
Q

what do all seed plants posses megaphylls or microphylls

A

megaphylls

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17
Q

division coniferophyta

A

pine- most familiar,

dominate forests in northern parts of north America and Eurasia

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18
Q

what is the stage from sporophyte to microspore called

A

microsporogeneis

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19
Q

what is the stage from microspore to microgametophyte called

A

microgametogenesis

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20
Q

what is the stage from sporophyte to megaspore called

A

megasporogenesis

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21
Q

what is the stage from megaspore to megagametophyte called

A

megagametogenesis

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22
Q

what is created from the microgametophyte

A

pollen gram

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23
Q

what is the embryo in gymnosperms

A

the seed

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24
Q

pine life cycle

A

separate male and female cones, usally same tree

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25
Q

microgametophyte development
microsporogenesis (in microsporangia on pollen cone)
gymnosperms

A

O(2n)- microsporophyte
O (n) O (n) meiosis 1
O (n) O (n) O (n) O (n) meiosis 2
4 microspores (n) results

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26
Q

microgametogenesis

gymnosperms

A

O (n)- microspore
O O O O 4 cell stage
x x tube cell generative cell
no function pollen tube O O
stalk cell spermatoginous cell
x O O
no function sperm sperm
3 stage 2 sperm and tube cell

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27
Q

megagametophyte development

gymnosperm

A

cones larger than male cones- woody texture
ovules are borne on upper side of cone scales
each ovule contains a single megasporocyte (2n) undergo meiosis

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28
Q

megasporogenesis (in ovule)

gymnosperm

A 
O (2n) megasporocyte
     . (n)        O (n)         meiosis 1
. (n)  . (n)   . (n)  O (n)   meiosis 2 
  x     x      x       
1 functional megaspore (n)
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29
Q

megagametogenesis

gymnosperm

A

megasporangium to megaspore (n) to megagametophyte (n)

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30
Q

when does pollination occur

gymnosperm

A

prior to megaspore development

seed cone scales open widely at this time but close after pollination is completed

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31
Q

megagametophyte development

gymnosperm

A

after 15 months since pollination 2 or 3 archegonia develop on micropylar end of megagametophyte

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32
Q

fertilization in seed plants

gymnosperm

A

egg in archegonium occurs 15 months after pollination

pine seeds usually shed during autumn or year following pollination

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33
Q

where do seeds, no antheridia, and pollen tube show on a cladogram

A

between monilophyta and cycadophyta

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34
Q

where do flower and fruit, vessel elements, and double fertilizations show on a cladogram

A

between coniferophyta and anthophyta

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35
Q

division cycadophyta

A

palm like plants, leaves form clusters at tip of stem

warmer climates

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36
Q

division ginkgophyta

A

Ginkgo Biloba

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37
Q

division gnetophyta

A 
gnetum and allies
3 families, each with one species
gnetum
ephedra
weltischia mirabilis
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38
Q

angiosperms

A

very diverse group
comes from reproductive success of flowering plants
range from 1 cm to >100m
some are vines, epiphytes, succulents such as cactus, some are aquatic
some are parasitic (dodder) and saprophytes (Indian pipe)

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39
Q

2 characteristics of angiosperms

A

flowers

fruits

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40
Q

what are the 2 traditional classes of angiosperms

A

monocotyledon

dicotyledon

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41
Q

typical angiosperm life cycle

A

all are heterosporous
gametophyte are greatly reduced in size
both antheridia and archegonia are missing

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42
Q

how many cells are in a mature microgametophyte

A

3

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43
Q

how many cells are in a mature megagametophyte

A

7

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44
Q

where is the sporophyte in life cycle

A

in anther from microsporogenesis to microgametogenesis

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45
Q

where is the sporophyte in life cycle

A

in ovule from megasporogenesis to embryo

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46
Q

pollination in angiosperms is

A

indirect

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47
Q

pollination in angiosperms

A

pollen is deposited on stigma
pollen tube then grows and delivers 2 nonmotile sperm to megagametophyte
the ovule develops into seed which is enclosed in mature ovary (fruit)

48
Q

microsporogenesis in anther

angiosperms

A

O (2n) microsporocyte
O n O n meiosis I
O n O n O n O n meiosis II
4 microspore (n)

49
Q

microgametogenesis in anther

angiosperms

A

O (n) microspore
tube cell O n O n
pollen tube O n O n generative cell inside (tc)
sperm sperm

50
Q

microgametogenesis

angiosperms

A

pollen grains develop hard outer wall- the exine- made of sporopollenin
pollen is ready to be released from anther

51
Q

what is microgametophyte called in angiosperms

A

pollen grain

52
Q

what is mega gametophyte called in angiosperms

A

embryo sac

53
Q

pollen in angiosperms

A

pollen varies greatly in size and shape
can be used diagnostically
ancient communities have been reconstructed based on ancient pollen in lake sediment- palynology

54
Q

megasporogenesis in angiosperms

A

ovule- consists of stalk or funiculus with nucellus and one or two integuments
micropyle (opening) at one end

55
Q

megasporogenesis order

A

megasporogenesis in nucellus/megasporangium in ovule

56
Q

megasporogenesis

angiosperm

A

O (2n) megasporcyte
. n O n meiosis I
. n . n . n O n meiosis II
4 megaspores 1 functional megaspore

57
Q

megagametogenesis

angiosperms

A

O n 1 megaspore 3 mitotic divisions
3 antipodals (chalazal)
2 polar nuclei
2 synergists and 1 egg (micropylar)

58
Q

what is in a mature megagametophyte

A

“embryo sac” 7 cells 8 nuclei

59
Q

pollination and fertilization in angiosperms

A

1 pollination
2 pollen grain germinates and takes up water
3 flower stigma and stalk modified to facilitate pollen grain germination and growth of pollen tube
4 pollen tube enters ovule through micropyle and penetrates one of the synergids
5 the 2 sperm and tube nucleus are released into synergid
6 one sperm fertilizes egg cell
7 other sperm unites with polar nuclei
8 process is called double fertilization
9 egg (n) and 2 polar nuclei (n & n) -> primary endosperm nucleus (3n)
10 tube nucleus dgenerates
11 remaining synergids and 3 antipodals disintegrate early in development of embryo sac

60
Q

pollination

A

transfer of pollen to stigma

61
Q

what is unique to angiosperms and (Gnetophyta)

A

double fertilization

62
Q

what is the process of sperm and polar nuclei fusing called

A

“triple fusion” because of 3 nuclei are involved

63
Q

develop of seed and fruit

angiosperm

A

1 primary endosperm nucleus forms endosperm
2 zygote develops into embryo
3 integuments develop into seed coat
4 ovary wall and related structures develop into fruit

64
Q

what does endosperm provide embryo and young seedling

A

food

65
Q

ecology

A

study of interaction of organisms with their environment

66
Q

environment

A

physical habitat and living (biotic) surrounding of an organism

67
Q

individual

A

one organism

68
Q

population

A

group of organisms capable of interbreeding among themselves and often sharing a common descent; group of individuals of the same species living at the same time and place

69
Q

ecosystem

A

community and abiotic environment that affects it

70
Q

biosphere

A

all ecosystems

Earth

71
Q

ecology of the individual

physiological ecology

A

how an organism relates to its environment

72
Q

what is physiological ecology concerned with

A

evolutionary adaptations that enable individual organisms to meet the challenges posed by their abiotic environment

73
Q

how is environment variable

A

terms of light, water, temperature, wind, soil and disturbances

74
Q

habitat (home)

A

the location and environmental conditions in which organism lives

75
Q

what kinds of responses can individuals have to their environment

A

physiological, anatomical, or behavioral

76
Q

physiological response

A

water uptake, photosynthesis

77
Q

anatomical response

A

thickness of cuticle, distribution of stomata, sometimes reversible, sometimes not

78
Q

behavioral response

A

phenology, growing season and dormancy

79
Q

acclimation

A

a physiological change to the environment; occurs within the lifetime of an organism

80
Q

adaptation

A

inherited (genetic) characteristics that enhance an organisms ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment; occurs over many generations (evolutionary change to environment)

81
Q

what is population ecology concerned with

A

factors that affect population density and growth

82
Q

population density

A

number of individuals per unit area or volume

83
Q

linear growth

A

does not limit population size

does not allow new individuals to reproduce

84
Q

exponential growth

A

allows new individuals to reproduce

does not limit population size

85
Q

logistic growth

A

allows new individuals to reproduce

does limit population size by a carrying capacity (k)

86
Q

communities

A

assemblages of populations that live together and interact

87
Q

what is community ecology concerned with

A

how interactions between species (predation, competition, and symbioses) affect community structure and organization

88
Q

descriptors of community

A

species richness

species diviersity

89
Q

species richness

A

number of species present

90
Q

species diversity

A

number of species present plus relatives abundances

91
Q

vegetation

A

what types of plants are present (important for structuring community and feeding animals)

92
Q

niche

A

the role of a species in a community; do not think of niche like “home”; think of it more as a “occupation”

93
Q

types of interspecific interactions in communities

A

mutualism
commensalism
predation, grazing, and parasitism
amensalism

94
Q

competition (-/-)

A

two or more species both try to obtain a limited resource
more similar niche means more similar resource requirements
lesser competitor is displaced by better competitor
lesser competitor is driven to extinction, can partition resources

95
Q

predation, parasitism, grazing (+/-)

A

one organism eats part of or all of another, eating or avoiding being eaten are powerful selective pressures in natural selection

96
Q

commensalism (+/o)

A

small orchid on a large tree

97
Q

plant defense

A

mechanical spines, thorns, prickles,

chemical- poisons, taste, drugs

98
Q

animal defense

A

camouflage, poisonous

99
Q

ammensalism (-/o)

A

step on ant, bison trample plants

100
Q

mutualism (+/+)

A

2 species work together for mutual benefit, both benefit, sometimes both depend on each other for survival

101
Q

lichen mutualism

A

algae and fungus
algae provides energy
fungus protects algae
fungus passes minerals to algae

102
Q

clark’s nutcracker and white bark pine

A

rely on each other to survive and reproduce

103
Q

what is ecosystem ecology concerned with

A

energy flow and nutrient cycling across communities, and abiotic environment

104
Q

how does energy flow through the environment

A

one way

only get 10% of energy at each level going down- trophic pryamid

105
Q

habitat types

A 
tropical forest
desert
savanna
temperate grassland
temperate deciduous forest
chaparral
coniferous forest
tundra
polar ice
106
Q

biome

A

group of ecosystems similar in type

they contain similar habitats and similar niches for species

107
Q

general features of terrestrial biomes

A

often named for major physical or climatic factors and for the predominant vegetation

108
Q

desert

A

very high species diversity, near equator, high temp, high percipitation

109
Q

savanna

A

grassland with scattered trees, world famous for wild life, high temp, low precipitation

110
Q

temperate grassland

A

seasonal drought, occasional fire, grazing by large mammals, world’s most fertile soil, moderate to high temps, low precipitation, fires

111
Q

temperate deciduous forest

A

requires more moisture than grasslands or coniferous forests, dormant winter phase, moderate temps, moderate precipitation

112
Q

chaparral

A

Mediterranean scrub, middle latitude coastal areas with scrub vegetation, hot dry summer, mild wet winters, frequent fires, moderate temperatures, moderate precipitation, fires

113
Q

coniferous forest

A

boreal forest, northern forest, dominated by pines, spruces, firs, usually low in species diversity, moderate temperatures, moderate precipitation,
tiaga

114
Q

tundra

A

very cold, absence of tall vegetation, water cannot permeate under lying permafrost, often leads to standing water, low temp, low precipitation

115
Q

polar ice

A

extremely cold temps and low precipitation, permanently covered by ice and snow, low temps

Botany (5 decks)

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