Exam 3 Flashcards
what do taxonomists do
revisit and modernize classification systems as new species are discovered
taxonomy
history of classification is one of the most continual change
identifying, naming, and classifying organisms no hypothesis testing, descriptive field
what can species have
common names
what are common names disadvantage
can vary from place to place
what are species referred to by
Latin
what is a species
biological species concepts: species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproducibly isolated from other sub groups
taxonomic ranks
Domain Kingdom Division Class Order Family Genus species
what do divisions end with
-phyta
what do classes end with
-opsida
what do orders end with
-ales
what do families end with
-aceae
systematics
scientific study of biological diversity and its evolutionary history includes taxonomy, but it is broader, numerically devising relationships between species and groups of species, hypothesis are tested
what does systematics do
strive to reconstruct evolutionary history
what are the 6 kingdoms
archaea bacteria "protists" plantae fungi animalia
what kingdoms have prokaryotic cells
archaea
bacteria
what kingdoms have eukaryotic cells
“protists”
plantae
fungi
animalia
what are the 3 domains
archaea
bacteria
eukarya
what kindgoms are in the domain eukarya
“protists”
plantae
fungi
animalia
cladograms
evolutionary history of a group of organisms
what are cladograms traditionally based on
external morphology
similarly in appearance- closely related
can lead to problems with convergent evolution
what are modern cladograms based on
sequence genes (portions of DNA) and compare similarities between organisms
monophyletic group
ancestor and all its descendants
paraphyletic group
ancestor and some of its descendents
what type of groups does modern systematics use
only monophyletic group should be named, since paraphyletic groups are artificial
lead to the categorizing of species
viridiplantae
monophyletic group that includes green algae and plants
viridiplantae informal groups
green algae bryophytes seedless vascular plants gymnosperms angiosperms
what kingdoms are both autotrophic and heterotrophic
bacteria
archaea
“protista”
what kingdoms are only autotrophic
plantae
what kingdoms are only heterotrophic
fungi
animalia
what is the reproductive/life cycle of bacteria
binary fission
what is the reproductive/life cycle of archaea
binary fission
what is the reproductive/life cycle of “protista”
unicellular: basic mitosis
multicellular: zygotic meiosis, gametic meiosis, alternation of generations
what is the reproductive/life cycle of fungi
zygomatic meiosis
what is the reproductive/life cycle of animalia
gametic meiosis
what is the reproductive/life cycle of plantae
alternations of generations
what is the major component of the cell wall of bacteria
muramic acid
peptidoglycan
what is the major component of the cell wall of archae
other glycoprotein
polysaccarids
what is the major component of the cell wall of “protista”
many
what is the major component of the cell wall of fungi
chitin
what is the major component of the cell wall of animalia
(none)
what is the major component of the cell wall of plantae
cellulose
life cycles
zygomatic meiosis
gametic meiosis
alternations of generations
zygomatic meiosis
only diploid cell is the zygote
any multicellular stage is haploid
gametic meiosis
only haploid cell is gamete
any multicellular stage is diploid
alternations of generations
both multicellular haploid and multicellular diploid
phycology
study of algae
what do all 3 algae have
alternations of generations but not all species
are most algae structurally complex
no
what is a exception to algae not being structurally complex
brown algae with central cells that resemble sieve element of vascular plants
Division phaeophyta “Brown algae”
almost entirely marine
most conspicuous seaweeds in temperate waters
dominate rocky shorelines, prefer cooler water temperatures
rockweeds and kelps
range from microscopic to the largest of all aquatic algae
kelp
life cycle
alternation of generations
rockweed
life cycle
gametic meiosis
macrocystis
harvested along CA coast by kelp harvesting boats
uses of brown algae
eaten
kelp is burned for its ash, used in industry
used as fertilizer, source of algin and alginates
uses of algin
food paper textiles pharmaceuticals cosmetics
Division Rhodophyta “red algae”
especially abundant in tropical and warm waters
very few in fresh water
majority are multicellular
found deeper in water than any other marine algae
what does red algae phycoblin pigment do
capture the green and blue green light that reach greater depths
what do marna reds do
deposit CaCO3 (limes) in their cell walls coraline algae important
what algae can have some of the most complex lifecycle in the living world
red algae
can have 3 generations in life cycle
uses of red algae
eaten for food,
source of agar (derived from cell walls)
carrageenan (derived from cell walls) emulsifying agent
Division Chlorophyta “green algae”
most diverse of the algal groups
includes unicellular, filamentous, colonial, coenocytic tubes, and multicellular forms
most are aquatic, in both fresh and marine water (mostly fresh water)
cell division in green algae, nuclear membrane is persistent throughout mitosis
uses of green algae
important as base of many aquatic food chains
ulva is eaten
lichens
mutualism between a mycobiant and a photobiant
mycobiant
fungal member
more than 15,000 species of fungi can form a lichen assemblage
photobiant
photosynthetic member (green algae or cyanobacteria) only 100 species of algae will form lichen assemblage
mutualism in lichens
algae provide food energy for both by photosynthesis
fungus protects algae from environmental extreme
fungus also passes on mineral nutrients to algae
where do lichens live
in some of the harshest environments on Earth
begin process of soil formation in ecological succession
reproduce by simple fragmentation and by production of soredia
can survive in places where nothing else can
soredia
structures with both algal and fungal members
what are the 3 lichen growth forms
crustose, foliose, fruiticose
can lichens dry out and rehydrate
yes
why are lichens sensitive to pollution
minerals are absorbed but not excreted
oogamous
have large nonmotile egg and small motile sperm
are plants embryophytes
yes
bryophytes
moss, hornwort, liverwort
paraphyletic group; not closely related
grow low to ground and absorb water by capillary action- no true roots, small non vascular plants
lack xylem and phloem and lignified tissues
some have a central strand of conducting tissues
gametophyte generation
haploid (n)
produces gametes by mitosis (n->n)
dominant generation in bryophytes
lack true roots, stems, and leaves
sporophyte generation
diploid (2n)
produce spores by meiosis (2n->n)
in bryophytes the sporophyte is attached to gametophyte usually short lived
features shared by all 3 divisions of bryophytes
sperm swim through water to reach egg
antheridium
archegonium
after fertilization, zygote retained within archegonium
antheridium
contains numerous sperm cells
archegonium
contain one egg
Division Marchantiophyta
“liver worts”
smallest of all plants, <5cm
lack stomata, but have pores, lack cuticle
2 growth forms of Division Marchantiophyta
flattened thallus
“leafy” thallus
thallus liverwort habitat
moist shaded banks on soil or rocks
thallus
plant body that is undifferentiated into leaves, stems, or roots
marchatia
most commonly studied liverwort
dichotomously branched gametotype
gametangia born on antheridiopores, archegoniophores
sporophyte consists of foot, short seta (stalk), and capsule or sporangium
asexual reproduction
fragmentation of gametophyte
gemmae (multicellular bodies that can give rise to new gametophyte)
production gemmae cups, dispersed by splashed rain
“leafy” liverworts
80% of liverwort species,
“leaves” consists a single layer of undifferentiated cells
division bryophyta
“mosses”
protonema
protonema
1st gametophyte generation
moss gametophyte
“leafy” and usually upright
actually pseudophylls “false leaves”
“leaves” normally one cell thick
moss sporophyte
consists of capsules sporangia elevated on seta (stalk)
attached to gametophyte via “foot”
division anthocerophyta
“horn worts”
lack conductive tissues have stomata, have cuticle
horn wort gametophyte
thallus resembles thallus liver wort
has stomata
horn wort sporophyte
elongated and upright structure, green with photosynthetic cells
covered by cuticle, has stomata, spores dehisced near tip
what is the sporophyte dependent on in bryophytes
gametophyte
what is the dominant life cycle in vascular plants
sporophyte
what do you see in the sporophytes in vascular plants
specialized tissues (normal, vascular, ground)
what generation is reduced in vascular plants
gametophyte
types of leaves
microphylls
megaphylls
microphylls
relatively small leaves, contain only a single strand of vascular tissue, no leaf gaps, in Lycopodiophyta
megaphylls
larger leaves, contain a complex system of veins, leaf traces with leaf gaps, in ferns and seed plants
reproduction in seedless vascular plants
all plants have an alternation of heteromorphic generations,
in vascular plants sporophyte is larger and more complex than gametophyte
homosporous life cycle
lycophytes and most ferns
1 type of spore, 1 type of gametophyte
mega
female
micro
male
heterosporous life cycle
2 types of spores, 2 types of gametophytes
some lycophytes, water ferns, all seed plants
seedless vascular plants
division lycopodiophyta
division monilophyta
division lycopodiophyta
basal group of vascular plants
true stems, leaves, and roots
microphyll leaves, characteristic of division
where does most of our current coal supply come from
division lycopodiophyta from carboniferous period
lycopodium
club mosses
homosporous, develops into gametophyte that produces both antheridium and archegonium
spike mosses
selaginella
heterosporous, micropores (male), megaspore (female)
form 2 types of gametophytes- megagametophyte and microgametophyte
quillwarts
isolets
contains thick underground corms and quill like microphylls
heterosporous- spores borne at base of microphylls
Division monilophyta
ferns and fern allies
vascular plant clade sister group to seed plants
megaphyll leaves
2 major types of sporangia
eusporangia
leptosporangia
eusporangia
formed from several initial cells, sporangium wall is several cell layers thick, larger than leptosporangia and contain many more spores, all vascular plants except one class of ferns
leptosporangia
arise from a single superficial initial cell, sporangium wall is one layer thick, smaller and fewer spores, found in one class of ferns
fern life cycle
alternation of generation
dominant sporophyte generation
sporangia often clustered in sori
most ferns are homosporous
produce one type of spore
spores develop into heart shaped gametophyte
antheridium and archegonium both form on gametophyte
antheridia burst open to release sperm, sperm swims through water to archegonium, sperm fertilizes egg and zygote develops within gametophyte
what type of fern is heterosporous
water
what class of ferns has leptosporangia
class polypodiopsida
characteristics of brown algae
Division phaeophyte
chloroplast pigment
chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, carotenoids
characteristics of brown algae
Division phaeophyte
prominent chlorplast pigment
fucoxanthium
characteristics of brown algae
Division phaeophyte
food storage
Luminer in vacuoles
characteristics of brown algae
Division phaeophyte
cell wall
cellulose, algin
characteristics of red algae
Division Rhodophyta
chloroplast pigment
chlorophyll a, phycobilin
characteristics of red algae
Division Rhodophyta
prominent chloroplast pigment
phycoerythrim
characteristics of red algae
Division Rhodophyta
cell wall
cellulose, calugcenan or agar
characteristics of red algae
Division Rhodophyta
food storage
florideon starch in cytosol
characteristics of green algae
Division Chlorophyta
Chloroplast pigment
chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids
characteristics of green algae
Division Chlorophyta
prominent chloroplast pigment
chlorophyll a
characteristics of green algae
Division Chlorophyta
food storage
starch in plastids
characteristics of green algae
Division Chlorophyta
cell wall
cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin
characteristics of the plant kingdom
chlorophyll
chlorophyll a is primary photosynthetic pigment, plus chlorophyll b and carotenoids
characteristics of the plant kingdom
primary food storage
starch (in plastids) carbohydrates
characteristics of the plant kingdom
cell wall made of
cellulose plus hemicellulose and pectin
characteristics of the plant kingdom
life cycle
all have alternation of generations lifecycle, both generations are multicellular
characteristics of the plant kingdom
are they oogamous
yes
characteristics of the plant kingdom
are embryos multicellular or not
yes multicellular
characteristics of the plant kingdom
what are spores encased in
walls containing sporopollenin
characteristics of the plant kingdom
where are tissues produced
apical meristem
characteristics of the plant kingdom
what do they have around reproductive cells
sterile jackets
