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Botany > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what do taxonomists do

A

revisit and modernize classification systems as new species are discovered

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2
Q

taxonomy

A

history of classification is one of the most continual change
identifying, naming, and classifying organisms no hypothesis testing, descriptive field

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3
Q

what can species have

A

common names

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4
Q

what are common names disadvantage

A

can vary from place to place

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5
Q

what are species referred to by

A

Latin

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6
Q

what is a species

A

biological species concepts: species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproducibly isolated from other sub groups

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7
Q

taxonomic ranks

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Division
Class
Order
Family
Genus
species
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8
Q

what do divisions end with

A

-phyta

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9
Q

what do classes end with

A

-opsida

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10
Q

what do orders end with

A

-ales

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11
Q

what do families end with

A

-aceae

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12
Q

systematics

A

scientific study of biological diversity and its evolutionary history includes taxonomy, but it is broader, numerically devising relationships between species and groups of species, hypothesis are tested

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13
Q

what does systematics do

A

strive to reconstruct evolutionary history

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14
Q

what are the 6 kingdoms

A 
archaea
bacteria
"protists"
plantae
fungi
animalia
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15
Q

what kingdoms have prokaryotic cells

A

archaea

bacteria

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16
Q

what kingdoms have eukaryotic cells

A

“protists”
plantae
fungi
animalia

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17
Q

what are the 3 domains

A

archaea
bacteria
eukarya

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18
Q

what kindgoms are in the domain eukarya

A

“protists”
plantae
fungi
animalia

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19
Q

cladograms

A

evolutionary history of a group of organisms

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20
Q

what are cladograms traditionally based on

A

external morphology
similarly in appearance- closely related
can lead to problems with convergent evolution

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21
Q

what are modern cladograms based on

A

sequence genes (portions of DNA) and compare similarities between organisms

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22
Q

monophyletic group

A

ancestor and all its descendants

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23
Q

paraphyletic group

A

ancestor and some of its descendents

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24
Q

what type of groups does modern systematics use

A

only monophyletic group should be named, since paraphyletic groups are artificial
lead to the categorizing of species

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25
Q

viridiplantae

A

monophyletic group that includes green algae and plants

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26
Q

viridiplantae informal groups

A 
green algae
bryophytes
seedless vascular plants
gymnosperms
angiosperms
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27
Q

what kingdoms are both autotrophic and heterotrophic

A

bacteria
archaea
“protista”

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28
Q

what kingdoms are only autotrophic

A

plantae

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29
Q

what kingdoms are only heterotrophic

A

fungi

animalia

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30
Q

what is the reproductive/life cycle of bacteria

A

binary fission

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31
Q

what is the reproductive/life cycle of archaea

A

binary fission

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32
Q

what is the reproductive/life cycle of “protista”

A

unicellular: basic mitosis
multicellular: zygotic meiosis, gametic meiosis, alternation of generations

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33
Q

what is the reproductive/life cycle of fungi

A

zygomatic meiosis

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34
Q

what is the reproductive/life cycle of animalia

A

gametic meiosis

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35
Q

what is the reproductive/life cycle of plantae

A

alternations of generations

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36
Q

what is the major component of the cell wall of bacteria

A

muramic acid

peptidoglycan

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37
Q

what is the major component of the cell wall of archae

A

other glycoprotein

polysaccarids

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38
Q

what is the major component of the cell wall of “protista”

A

many

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39
Q

what is the major component of the cell wall of fungi

A

chitin

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40
Q

what is the major component of the cell wall of animalia

A

(none)

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41
Q

what is the major component of the cell wall of plantae

A

cellulose

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42
Q

life cycles

A

zygomatic meiosis
gametic meiosis
alternations of generations

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43
Q

zygomatic meiosis

A

only diploid cell is the zygote

any multicellular stage is haploid

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44
Q

gametic meiosis

A

only haploid cell is gamete

any multicellular stage is diploid

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45
Q

alternations of generations

A

both multicellular haploid and multicellular diploid

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46
Q

phycology

A

study of algae

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47
Q

what do all 3 algae have

A

alternations of generations but not all species

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48
Q

are most algae structurally complex

A

no

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49
Q

what is a exception to algae not being structurally complex

A

brown algae with central cells that resemble sieve element of vascular plants

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50
Q

Division phaeophyta “Brown algae”

A

almost entirely marine
most conspicuous seaweeds in temperate waters
dominate rocky shorelines, prefer cooler water temperatures
rockweeds and kelps
range from microscopic to the largest of all aquatic algae

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51
Q

kelp

life cycle

A

alternation of generations

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52
Q

rockweed

life cycle

A

gametic meiosis

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53
Q

macrocystis

A

harvested along CA coast by kelp harvesting boats

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54
Q

uses of brown algae

A

eaten
kelp is burned for its ash, used in industry
used as fertilizer, source of algin and alginates

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55
Q

uses of algin

A 
food
paper
textiles
pharmaceuticals
cosmetics
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56
Q

Division Rhodophyta “red algae”

A

especially abundant in tropical and warm waters
very few in fresh water
majority are multicellular
found deeper in water than any other marine algae

57
Q

what does red algae phycoblin pigment do

A

capture the green and blue green light that reach greater depths

58
Q

what do marna reds do

A 
deposit CaCO3 (limes) in their cell walls
coraline algae important
59
Q

what algae can have some of the most complex lifecycle in the living world

A

red algae

can have 3 generations in life cycle

60
Q

uses of red algae

A

eaten for food,
source of agar (derived from cell walls)
carrageenan (derived from cell walls) emulsifying agent

61
Q

Division Chlorophyta “green algae”

A

most diverse of the algal groups
includes unicellular, filamentous, colonial, coenocytic tubes, and multicellular forms
most are aquatic, in both fresh and marine water (mostly fresh water)
cell division in green algae, nuclear membrane is persistent throughout mitosis

62
Q

uses of green algae

A

important as base of many aquatic food chains

ulva is eaten

63
Q

lichens

A

mutualism between a mycobiant and a photobiant

64
Q

mycobiant

A

fungal member

more than 15,000 species of fungi can form a lichen assemblage

65
Q

photobiant

A 
photosynthetic member (green algae or cyanobacteria)
only 100 species of algae will form lichen assemblage
66
Q

mutualism in lichens

A

algae provide food energy for both by photosynthesis
fungus protects algae from environmental extreme
fungus also passes on mineral nutrients to algae

67
Q

where do lichens live

A

in some of the harshest environments on Earth
begin process of soil formation in ecological succession
reproduce by simple fragmentation and by production of soredia
can survive in places where nothing else can

68
Q

soredia

A

structures with both algal and fungal members

69
Q

what are the 3 lichen growth forms

A

crustose, foliose, fruiticose

70
Q

can lichens dry out and rehydrate

A

yes

71
Q

why are lichens sensitive to pollution

A

minerals are absorbed but not excreted

72
Q

oogamous

A

have large nonmotile egg and small motile sperm

73
Q

are plants embryophytes

A

yes

74
Q

bryophytes

A

moss, hornwort, liverwort
paraphyletic group; not closely related
grow low to ground and absorb water by capillary action- no true roots, small non vascular plants
lack xylem and phloem and lignified tissues
some have a central strand of conducting tissues

75
Q

gametophyte generation

A

haploid (n)
produces gametes by mitosis (n->n)
dominant generation in bryophytes
lack true roots, stems, and leaves

76
Q

sporophyte generation

A

diploid (2n)
produce spores by meiosis (2n->n)
in bryophytes the sporophyte is attached to gametophyte usually short lived

77
Q

features shared by all 3 divisions of bryophytes

A

sperm swim through water to reach egg
antheridium
archegonium
after fertilization, zygote retained within archegonium

78
Q

antheridium

A

contains numerous sperm cells

79
Q

archegonium

A

contain one egg

80
Q

Division Marchantiophyta

“liver worts”

A

smallest of all plants, <5cm

lack stomata, but have pores, lack cuticle

81
Q

2 growth forms of Division Marchantiophyta

A

flattened thallus

“leafy” thallus

82
Q

thallus liverwort habitat

A

moist shaded banks on soil or rocks

83
Q

thallus

A

plant body that is undifferentiated into leaves, stems, or roots

84
Q

marchatia

A

most commonly studied liverwort
dichotomously branched gametotype
gametangia born on antheridiopores, archegoniophores
sporophyte consists of foot, short seta (stalk), and capsule or sporangium

85
Q

asexual reproduction

A

fragmentation of gametophyte
gemmae (multicellular bodies that can give rise to new gametophyte)
production gemmae cups, dispersed by splashed rain

86
Q

“leafy” liverworts

A

80% of liverwort species,

“leaves” consists a single layer of undifferentiated cells

87
Q

division bryophyta

“mosses”

A

protonema

88
Q

protonema

A

1st gametophyte generation

89
Q

moss gametophyte

A

“leafy” and usually upright
actually pseudophylls “false leaves”
“leaves” normally one cell thick

90
Q

moss sporophyte

A

consists of capsules sporangia elevated on seta (stalk)

attached to gametophyte via “foot”

91
Q

division anthocerophyta

“horn worts”

A

lack conductive tissues have stomata, have cuticle

92
Q

horn wort gametophyte

A

thallus resembles thallus liver wort

has stomata

93
Q

horn wort sporophyte

A

elongated and upright structure, green with photosynthetic cells
covered by cuticle, has stomata, spores dehisced near tip

94
Q

what is the sporophyte dependent on in bryophytes

A

gametophyte

95
Q

what is the dominant life cycle in vascular plants

A

sporophyte

96
Q

what do you see in the sporophytes in vascular plants

A

specialized tissues (normal, vascular, ground)

97
Q

what generation is reduced in vascular plants

A

gametophyte

98
Q

types of leaves

A

microphylls

megaphylls

99
Q

microphylls

A

relatively small leaves, contain only a single strand of vascular tissue, no leaf gaps, in Lycopodiophyta

100
Q

megaphylls

A

larger leaves, contain a complex system of veins, leaf traces with leaf gaps, in ferns and seed plants

101
Q

reproduction in seedless vascular plants

A

all plants have an alternation of heteromorphic generations,
in vascular plants sporophyte is larger and more complex than gametophyte

102
Q

homosporous life cycle

A

lycophytes and most ferns

1 type of spore, 1 type of gametophyte

103
Q

mega

A

female

104
Q

micro

A

male

105
Q

heterosporous life cycle

A

2 types of spores, 2 types of gametophytes

some lycophytes, water ferns, all seed plants

106
Q

seedless vascular plants

A

division lycopodiophyta

division monilophyta

107
Q

division lycopodiophyta

A

basal group of vascular plants
true stems, leaves, and roots
microphyll leaves, characteristic of division

108
Q

where does most of our current coal supply come from

A

division lycopodiophyta from carboniferous period

109
Q

lycopodium

club mosses

A

homosporous, develops into gametophyte that produces both antheridium and archegonium

110
Q

spike mosses

selaginella

A

heterosporous, micropores (male), megaspore (female)

form 2 types of gametophytes- megagametophyte and microgametophyte

111
Q

quillwarts

isolets

A

contains thick underground corms and quill like microphylls

heterosporous- spores borne at base of microphylls

112
Q

Division monilophyta

ferns and fern allies

A

vascular plant clade sister group to seed plants

megaphyll leaves

113
Q

2 major types of sporangia

A

eusporangia

leptosporangia

114
Q

eusporangia

A 
formed from several initial cells, sporangium wall is several cell layers thick, larger than leptosporangia and contain many more spores, 
all vascular plants except one class of ferns
115
Q

leptosporangia

A

arise from a single superficial initial cell, sporangium wall is one layer thick, smaller and fewer spores, found in one class of ferns

116
Q

fern life cycle

A

alternation of generation
dominant sporophyte generation
sporangia often clustered in sori
most ferns are homosporous
produce one type of spore
spores develop into heart shaped gametophyte
antheridium and archegonium both form on gametophyte
antheridia burst open to release sperm, sperm swims through water to archegonium, sperm fertilizes egg and zygote develops within gametophyte

117
Q

what type of fern is heterosporous

A

water

118
Q

what class of ferns has leptosporangia

A

class polypodiopsida

119
Q

characteristics of brown algae
Division phaeophyte
chloroplast pigment

A

chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, carotenoids

120
Q

characteristics of brown algae
Division phaeophyte
prominent chlorplast pigment

A

fucoxanthium

121
Q

characteristics of brown algae
Division phaeophyte
food storage

A

Luminer in vacuoles

122
Q

characteristics of brown algae
Division phaeophyte
cell wall

A

cellulose, algin

123
Q

characteristics of red algae
Division Rhodophyta
chloroplast pigment

A

chlorophyll a, phycobilin

124
Q

characteristics of red algae
Division Rhodophyta
prominent chloroplast pigment

A

phycoerythrim

125
Q

characteristics of red algae
Division Rhodophyta
cell wall

A

cellulose, calugcenan or agar

126
Q

characteristics of red algae
Division Rhodophyta
food storage

A

florideon starch in cytosol

127
Q

characteristics of green algae
Division Chlorophyta
Chloroplast pigment

A

chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids

128
Q

characteristics of green algae
Division Chlorophyta
prominent chloroplast pigment

A

chlorophyll a

129
Q

characteristics of green algae
Division Chlorophyta
food storage

A

starch in plastids

130
Q

characteristics of green algae
Division Chlorophyta
cell wall

A

cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin

131
Q

characteristics of the plant kingdom

chlorophyll

A

chlorophyll a is primary photosynthetic pigment, plus chlorophyll b and carotenoids

132
Q

characteristics of the plant kingdom

primary food storage

A

starch (in plastids) carbohydrates

133
Q

characteristics of the plant kingdom

cell wall made of

A

cellulose plus hemicellulose and pectin

134
Q

characteristics of the plant kingdom

life cycle

A

all have alternation of generations lifecycle, both generations are multicellular

135
Q

characteristics of the plant kingdom

are they oogamous

A

yes

136
Q

characteristics of the plant kingdom

are embryos multicellular or not

A

yes multicellular

137
Q

characteristics of the plant kingdom

what are spores encased in

A

walls containing sporopollenin

138
Q

characteristics of the plant kingdom

where are tissues produced

A

apical meristem

139
Q

characteristics of the plant kingdom

what do they have around reproductive cells

A

sterile jackets

Botany (5 decks)

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