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Botany > Exam 2 Notes > Flashcards

Exam 2 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

shoot

A

stem and leaves, flowers and buds

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2
Q

stem

A

an axis for stalks with no side structures attached, used for support and conduction

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3
Q

function of stems

A

conduction of xylem and phloem
support of leaves and other above ground parts of plants
storage
photosynthesis

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4
Q

origin and growth of primary tissues of stems

A

organization of short apical meristem amore complex than root

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5
Q

reason of primary growth in stems

A

formation of leaves

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6
Q

node of stem

A

site of attachment of leaf on stem

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7
Q

internode of stem

A

area of stem where no leaves are attached

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8
Q

3 basic types of organization of seed plants

A
  1. primary vascular tissues develop as a cylinder of discrete strands separated from one another by ground tissue
  2. primary vascular tissues appear as a more or less continuous hollow cylinder with ground tissues
  3. vascular bundle scattered throughout the ground tissue
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9
Q

pith in stem

A

ground system

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10
Q

pith in root

A

vascular system

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11
Q

what does vascular cambium give rise to in the 2 organization of stems

A

wood

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12
Q

does all 3 stem organization have a pith or cortex

A

no

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13
Q

leaf trace

A

extensions of vascular bundles from vascular system in stem toward the leaves

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14
Q

leaf gap

A

regions of ground tissue in vascular cylinder above area where leaf traces extend toward leaves

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15
Q

modifications of stems

A 
1 stolons or runners- reproductive
2 tendrils
3 thorn
4 succulent stem
5 rhizomes
6 bulbs
7 corms
8 tubers
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16
Q

rhizomes stem modification

A

reproductive, below ground

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17
Q

bulbs stem modification

A

storage structure, mostly leaf

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18
Q

corms stem modification

A

storage mostly stem

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19
Q

tubers

A

storage below ground

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20
Q

secondary growth in stems

A

at start of each growing season primary growth occurs from apical meristem
additional secondary tissues are added via secondary meristems

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21
Q

is secondary growth in stem dicot, monocot, or both

A

dicot only

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22
Q

what are the secondary meristems

A

cork cambium and vascular cambium

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23
Q

vascular cambium

A

ring of meristemic cells that adds girth to stem

cell division to the outside produces secondary phloem and to the inside is secondary xylem (wood)

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24
Q

vascular rays

A

produced by vascular cambium
mostly parenchyma cells
pathways for lateral movement
storage areas

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25
Q

wood sections

A

cross section
radial section
tangential section

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26
Q

cross section of wood

A

right angle to long axis of stem or root
growth rings are arranged in concentric circles
rays radiate from center

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27
Q

radial section of wood

A

longitudinal cut that goes through center of stem
growth rings appear as parallel lines oriented perpendicular to rays
rays appear as sheets of cells

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28
Q

tangential section of wood

A

longitudinal cut that does not go through the center of stem
growth rings arranged in large irregular patterns of concentric “v’s”
cut at right angle to rays, reveals width and height of rays

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29
Q

2 sections of bark

A

outer bark

inner bark

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30
Q

outer bark

A

all tissues outside cork cambium

non living cork

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31
Q

inner bark

A

tissues between cork cambium and vascular cambium
tissues are living,
secondary phloem, cortex, phelloderm

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32
Q

conifer wood

A 
soft woods
homogenous in appearance (same)
few cell types (tracheids)
no vessel elements
rays only 1 cell wide
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33
Q

angiosperm wood

A

hard woods
heterogenous in appearance (different)
many cell types (tracheids, vessel elements, fibers, parenchyma)
rays in TS can be more than 1 cell wide

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34
Q

function of secondary phloem

A

little secondary phloem is involved in transport of food
older sieve elements become crushed
newer sieve elements replace them

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35
Q

periderm

A

replaces epidermis as the outer protective layer formed by cork cambium

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36
Q

cork cells

A

inner walls lined with suberin and wax
highly impermeable to water and gases
at maturity cork cells are dead
phelloderm cells living at maturity

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37
Q

lenticels

A

inner tissues of stems need to exchange gases with surrounding air
accomplished by lenticels

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38
Q

lenticels definition

A

holes through periderm

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39
Q

bark

A

all tissues outside of vascular cambium

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40
Q

leaf

A

structure subtends the bud

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41
Q

phyllotaxy (leaf arrangement)

A

whorled
opposite
alternate

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42
Q

whorled phyllotaxy

A

3 or more leaves per node

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43
Q

opposite phyllotaxy

A

2 leaves per node

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44
Q

alternate phyllotaxy

A

1 leaf per node

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45
Q

simple leaf

A

blade in one piece or section

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46
Q

complex leaf

A

blade in several pieces or sections (leaflets)

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47
Q

function of leaves

A

usually the most conspicuous organ of plant

photosynthesis

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48
Q

what is the primary function of leaves

A

photosynthesis

expose large amounts of surface area

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49
Q

mesomorphic leaf

A

standard leaf

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50
Q

hydromorphic leaf

A

grow wholly or partially submerged in water
large air spaces present (aerenchyma)
thin cuticle

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51
Q

xeromorphic leaf

A 
adapted to arid habitat
features to conserve water
thick cuticle
sunken stomata
often multiple epidermis, trichomes
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52
Q

leaf epidermis

A

cells compactly arranged and transparent
covered with waxy cuticle to reduce water loss
stomata can occur on both surfaces, but usually more numerous on lower side

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53
Q

scattered stomata on leaf

A

dicot

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54
Q

rows of stomata on leaf

A

monocot

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55
Q

mesophyll

A 
ground tissue in leaf
interior of leaf between epidermis layers
large numbers of intercellular spaces
large number of chloroplasts in cells
area specialized for photosynthesis
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56
Q

palisade parenchyma

mesomorphic leaf

A

cells into column
long axis of cells at right angle to epidermis
usually on upper side of leaf
area for capturing light

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57
Q

spongy mesophyll

mesomorphic leaf

A

cells are irregular in shape and arrangement
generally on lower side of leaf
much intercellular space facilitates gas exchange

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58
Q

xeromorphic leaves

A

palisade parenchyma can occur on both sides of leaves

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59
Q

grass leaves

A

mesophyll cells are very similar and usually not in palisade or spongy layers

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60
Q

dicot leaf venation

A

netted

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61
Q

monocot leaf venation

A

parallel

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62
Q

leaf veins

A

both xylem and phloem extend to end of vein

phloem on lower side and xylem on upper

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63
Q

kranz (wreath) anatomy

“warm season”

A

C4 photosynthesis

large bundle sheath cells that are full of chloroplasts and closely spaced veins

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64
Q

C3 photosynthesis

“cool season”

A

smaller bundle sheath cells with few chloroplasts and widely spaced veins

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65
Q

epidermis of grasses

A

several types of cells

bulliform

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66
Q

bulliform

A

large inflated epidermal cells rolling and unrolling of leaves

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67
Q

sun and shade leaves

A

environmental factors, especially light, can have substantial effects on the size and thickness of leaves

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68
Q

sun leaf

A

small and thicker than shade leaves
due to greater development of palisade parenchyma
often multiple layers of palisade cells

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69
Q

shade leaf

A

large and thin
have fewer well defined mesophyll layers
have fewer chloroplasts than sun leaves

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70
Q

leaf abscission

A

normal separation of leaf from stem
preceded by the structural and chemical changes near base of leaf petiole
results in abscission zone

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71
Q

2 layers of leaf abscission

A

separation layer

protection layer

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72
Q

separation layer

A

on leaf side

cells swell and become gelatinous

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73
Q

protection layer

A

on stem side

composed of heavily suberized cells

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74
Q

leaf modifications

A 
tendril- support
spines- defense
food storage leaves of bulb
cabbage "head" 
celery leaves and leaf stalk
bracts
insectivorous
reproductive leaves
water storage
arid leaves
bud scales
flower pot leaves
window leaves
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75
Q

cabbage “head” leaf modification

A

consists of short stem with many thick overlapping leaves

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76
Q

celery leaves and leaf stalk leaf modification

A

petioles become fleshy and very thick

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77
Q

bracts leaf modification

A

floral like leaves that from at the base of flowers or inflorescence

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78
Q

insectivorous leaf modification

A

insect trapping leaves

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79
Q

reproductive leaves leaf modification

A

asexual

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80
Q

water storage leaf modification

A

leaves are succulents and specialized for water storage

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81
Q

arid leaves leaf modification

A

sunken stomate are common, thick cuticle present

hypodermis

82
Q

hypodermis

A

layer of thickened cells below epidermis

83
Q

bud scales leaf modification

A

modified leaves are small, hard, waxy to protect the delicate meristem inside

84
Q

flower pot leaves leaf modification

A

leaves house ants, which bring in soil and add nitrogenous waste
adventitious roots then grow into soil

85
Q

window leaves leaf modification

A

most of plant is buried in sand, end of leaves are transparent allows light to penetrate to mesophyll

86
Q

fall colors

A

leaves contain several types of pigments
during the growing season chlorophyll is present in dense amounts
cooler temperatures and shorter days trigger the end of chlorophyll production
other pigments are then revealed as the leaves turn colors

87
Q

flower

A

short stem with four whorls of modified leaves,

88
Q

what is the functionof flowers

A

reproduction

89
Q

flower parts

A

flowers may occur singular or in cluster
pedicel
peduncle
receptacle

90
Q

cluster of flowers

A

inflorescent

91
Q

pedicel

A

stalk of single flower in a inflorescence

92
Q

peduncle

A

stalk of solitary flower or inflorescence

93
Q

receptacle

A

swollen tip of stem on which flower rests

94
Q

4 whorls of flowers

A

sepals
petal
androecium
gynoecium

95
Q

sepals

A

sterile structures, green (usually) structures that enclose flowers when in bud, sometimes showy

96
Q

calyx

A

collective term for all sepals

97
Q

petals

A

sterile structures, often very colorful, pigments are important in attracting pollinators,

98
Q

what does a monocot flower have parts in

A

3

99
Q

what does a dicot flower have parts in

A

4 or 5

100
Q

corolla

A

collective term for all petals

101
Q

where are sepals and petals attached

A

below male and female parts

102
Q

perianth

A

collective term for sepals and petals combined

103
Q

androecium (house of man

A

collective term for “male” flower parts (stamens)

104
Q

stamens

A

consists of a filament terminating in an anther

105
Q

gynoecium (house of women)

A

carpels

106
Q

carpals

A

main structure of flower contain ovules that develop into seeds after fertilization

107
Q

organization of carpels

A

ovary
stigma
style

108
Q

ovary

A

swollen base that encloses ovules

109
Q

stigma

A

usually sticky and receives pollen

110
Q

style

A

“neck” connecting stigma to ovary

111
Q

carpals in flowers

A

may have more than one carpal
carpals are often fused into a compound ovary
usually share a common stigma and style
fused carpals are partitioned off into two or more locales (chambers containing ovules)

112
Q

placenta

A

structure by which ovules are attached to the ovary walls

113
Q

placentation

A

arrangement of placenta with an ovary

114
Q

floral variation

A 
perfect
imperfect
staminate
carpellate
monoecious
dioecious
incomplete
complete
115
Q

what is the majority of flowers

A

perfect

116
Q

perfect flower

A

have both stamens and carpals

117
Q

incomplete flower

A

either stamens or carpals are missing

118
Q

staminate

A

male structure only

119
Q

carpellate

A

female structure only

120
Q

monoecious (one house)

A

both staminate and carpellate flower on the same plant

121
Q

dioecous (two houses)

A

sexes on separate plants

122
Q

example of monoecious

A

corn

123
Q

example of dioecous

A

cottonwood

124
Q

complete flowers

A

have petals, sepals, carpels, and stamens

125
Q

incomplete flowers

A

have at least one of the 4 whorls missing

126
Q

ovary position in relation to flower parts

A

superior

inferior

127
Q

superior (hypogynous)

A

ovary is above the attachment of sepals, petals, and stamens

128
Q

hypogynous example

A

tulip

129
Q

superior (perigyonous)

A

some flowers have superior ovaries, but are fused together to form a cup-like structure

130
Q

hyponthium

A

cuplike structure of fused together ovaries

131
Q

perigynous example

A

cherry

132
Q

inferior (epigynous)

A

ovary is below attachment of sepals, petals, and stamens

133
Q

example of epigynous)

A

apple

134
Q

floral symmetry

A

radial
bilateral
canna

135
Q

radial floral symmetry

A

flowers are said to be regular or act in actinomorphic

136
Q

example of radial flower

A

lily or petunia

137
Q

bilateral floral symmetry

A

flowers are said to be irregular or zygomorphic

138
Q

example of bilateral floral symmetry

A

pea or orchid

139
Q

canna

A

no symmetry

140
Q

corona

A

extra perianth whorl, interior to petals

141
Q

pollination methods

A

flowering plants have over come the problem of being immobile (as adult plants) by using a variety of ways to achieve pollination, most of the methods ensure cross pollination between genetically unlike parents

142
Q

what do flowers attract

A

whatever pollinates them

sight, smell, placement, time of day,

143
Q

types of pollination in flowers

A 
insect pollination
   beetle
   bee and wasp
   fly
   orchids
   moth and butterfly
bird pollination
bat pollination
slug pollination
wind pollination
water pollination
144
Q

insect pollinatation

A

insects feed on pollen or nectar, and in process transfer pollen to other plants of same species
allows more precise transfer of pollen

145
Q

beetle pollinated flowers

A

flowers are large and born singularly
beetle highly developed sense of smell
flowers are white in color but highly scented

146
Q

bee and wasp pollinated flowers

A

bees eat nectar and pollen, have specialized appendages to carry pollen and have body hairs
flowers are highly showy to attract bees, usually blue or yellow, have bilateral symmetry
also may have honey guides

147
Q

fly pollinated flowers

A

“carrion flower” mimic smell of rotting flesh

showy colors or symmetry not needed here

148
Q

orchids

A

have developed specific pathways into and out of flowers
insure that both stigma and anther contact pollinator
about 40% of orchids advertise a reward that’s not there
some orchids mimic insect so pollinator trys to mate with it

149
Q

moth and butterfly pollinated flowers

A

attracted by combo of sight and smell
butterflys attracted to orange, red, active during day
moths are commonly nocturnal, flowers are often night blooming, strong scents, usually white

150
Q

bird pollinated flowers

A

produce a lot of nectar
most birds have a poor sense of smell
most of flowers have little scent, colors are important (red)

151
Q

nectar

A

concentrated sugar solution thick

152
Q

bat pollinated flowers

A

tropical and subtropical areas
bats feed on nectar, fruit, and pollen
produce lots of nectar
bats feed at night, night blooming
flowers might hang down on long peduncles
bats are attracted by scent, fermenting, musty

153
Q

slug and snail pollinate flowers

A

feed on soft vegetation

close to ground

154
Q

wind pollinated flowers

A

dull color, no scent, no nectar, smaller or absent petals, pollen, grains are small
stigma is usually big, large, and feathery, sexes often separate
much energy is devoted to pollen production

155
Q

water pollinated flowers

A

pollen can be transferred on water or under, is often thread like, can be in chains

156
Q

benefits of animal pollinators

A

pollen
nectar
brood place

157
Q

pollen

A

made of starch proteins, oils, primary attractant, cheap to make

158
Q

nectar

A

strong sugar solution, produced in nectaries at base of carpels, rich energy source, more expensive ot make

159
Q

brood place

A

lay eggs in ovary

160
Q

fruit

A

have been evolved for seed dispersal

161
Q

what is fruit

A

mature ovary of a flower

162
Q

accessory fruits

A

might include additional tissue surrounding the ovary

163
Q

fruit development

A

pericarp
exocarp
endocarp
mesocarp

164
Q

pericarp

A

entire fruit wall

165
Q

exocarp

A

outer,

166
Q

mesocarp

A

middle

167
Q

endocarp

A

inner layer

168
Q

classification of fruit

A

simple
aggregate
multiple

169
Q

simple fruit

A

develop from one pistil and one flower

pistil may be simple or compound

170
Q

aggregate fruit

A

develop from a number of separate pistils in a single flower

individual parts of the aggregate fruit known as fruitlets

171
Q

multiple fruit

A

consist of gynoecium of more than one flower

may also develop from an inflorescence

172
Q

what can you tell about a flower from a fruit

A

number of carpels, placentation, ovary placement

173
Q

fruit types

A

fleshy

dry

174
Q

types of fleshy fruit

A 
berry
drupe
pome
pepo
hesperidium
175
Q

types of dry fruit

A

dehiscent

indehiscent

176
Q

berry

A

many seeded structures with slimy endocarp

entire pericarp is fleshy

177
Q

drupe

A

carpal has one seed, inner layer or endocarp is stony

178
Q

pome

A

flesh develops from cup-like hypanthium that encloses ovary

endocarp usually papery

179
Q

pepo

A

fleshy fruit in which outer layer is a tough hard rind

inner tissues are soft

180
Q

hesperidium

A

modification of berry, outer layer is leathery, usually contains aromatic oils

181
Q

dehiscent fruit

A

fruit wall breaks open at maturity to release seeds

182
Q

types of dehiscent fruit

A

follicle
legume
capsule
silique

183
Q

follicle

A

splits down 1 side at maturity

184
Q

legume

A

splits down 2 sides at maturity

185
Q

capsule

A

more than 2 side of dehiscence

186
Q

silique

A

formed by 2 fused carpels

2 sides of fruit split from a persistent central portion

187
Q

silique

A

long and thin

188
Q

silicle

A

shorter and thicker

189
Q

indehiscent

A

seeds remain in fruit after fruit has been shed

190
Q

types of indehiscent fruit

A 
achene
samara
cypsela
caryopsis
nut
schizocarp
191
Q

achene

A

single seed lies free in cavity except for attachment at one end

192
Q

samara

A

winged achene, pericarp winged

193
Q

cypsela

A

modification of achene, non ovarian (accessory parts included)

194
Q

caryopsis (grain)

A

seed coat is firmly, united for fruit wall

195
Q

nut

A

contains only one seed pericarp is hard and thick

196
Q

schizocarp

A

fruit splits apart at maturity, into 2 or more indehiscent portions

197
Q

fruit and seed dispersal

A

wind borne
water borne
animal borne fruits and seeds (eaten)
animal borne fruits and sees (carried)

198
Q

wind borne

A

light and become easily air borne
often wings or silky extensions
tumbleweeds
some plants are self propulsion to shoot seed out of fruits

199
Q

water borne

A

adapted to float

can be a waxy covering over seed

200
Q

animal borne ( eaten)

A

usually highly colored, fruits are eaten, seeds pass through GI tract of animal
additional benefit partial digestion might help germination by weakening fruit wall or seed coat

201
Q

what happens to animal born fruits and seeds (eaten) at maturity

A

sugar content rises, tannin decreases, fruit softens, color changes from green to yellow, red, blue or black

202
Q

animal born seeds and fruits (carried)

A

other fruits are spread by adhering to fur or feathers have hooks, barbs, or spines.

Botany (5 decks)

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