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Normans - Durham section A: location, functions and bishops Flashcards

1
Q

When was the Norman period?

A

1066-1100

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2
Q

Where is Durham located?

A

North eastern England, borders Scotland

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3
Q

Why was Durham built in it’s place?

A

As a strong defensive position, as an important Christian shrine - that of saint cuthbert

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4
Q

Who built Durham?

A

Bishop Aldhun in 995

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5
Q

What site was Durham built on?

A

The site of an earlier Anglo Saxon cathedral

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6
Q

Who was Durham a shrine to?

A

Saint cuthbert

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7
Q

Who was saint cuthbert?

A

A Northumbrian monk who had a reputation for Christian holiness and had many miracles attributed to him after his death

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8
Q

Why were st cuthberts relics moved? And where were they moved from?

A

Island of lindisfarne, because of a Viking raid they moved st cuthberts things to mainland

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9
Q

Where was Cuthbert’s t9mb established?

A

In Chester-le-street in 882

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10
Q

What happened in 995 to do with cuthbert?

A

Danish raids, they moved his relics to Durham

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11
Q

What happened to Durham after Cuthbert’s relics were moved there?

A

It became a place of pilgrimage

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12
Q

Who helped to protect the area around cuthbert?

A

Earls of Northumberland becaus they had a strong relationship with Bishop Aldhun

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13
Q

What does the fact that all this about st cuthbert happened before 1066 Norman conquest show us?

A

That Durham was an important place in Christianity and Anglo-Saxon history

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14
Q

How is Durham strategically placed to be defended?

A

It’s on land formed by a bend in the river war where the steep river banks on the sides form a natural defence

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15
Q

Why was Durham important to do with Scotland?

A

The Northumbrian borders kept moving into south-eastern Scotland so the cathedral could control the troublesome border

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16
Q

How was Durham strategically placed to help with rebellions?

A

It could deal quickly with local English rebellions in the north after the Norman conquest

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17
Q

Why did William demand a castle to be built at Durham?

A

As Scottish raided northern England da this time so there was a threat of invasion by the Danes

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18
Q

What did the castle at Durham become?

A

A secure stronghold, home to bishop of Durham- who was given military and political power as well as authority over religion

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19
Q

What did one historian call Durham and it’s castle?

A

‘The greatest marcher lordship in the British isles

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20
Q

What is a marcher?

A

A medieval term for land on the border of 2 countries

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21
Q

What is a Northumbrian?

A

A person from the area of England called Northumbria

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22
Q

What is a shrine?

A

A place regarded as holy because of it’s association with a religious person

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23
Q

List some features of the surroundings of Durham and their uses

A

Natural bend in river / steep river banks for natural defence / large living area for cathedral monks and lay visitors / castle build opposites the cathedral / bridges for crossing to get supplies in and out of the castle and cathedral

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24
Q

What led the normans to rethink the function of cathedrals?

A

Gradual change in the study of god and religious beliefs / how the church was organised by the Normans

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25
What was Edward the confessor influenced by which he used to rebuild westminster monastery 1050-65?
The fresh ideas in church design
26
What does the fresh new ideas about monasteries show us about Durham?
That the change to Durham didn’t happen under the normans, but it accelerated under their rule
27
What are the 3 functions for Durham?
Spiritual function / administrative function / prince bishops
28
What was one of the reasons for building Durham (spiritual)
To provide protective enshrine for remains of anglo-Saxon saint cuthbert
29
What was the white church?
A sturdier wooden building to hold the relics of Cuthbert
30
When was the white church replaced? And by what?
3 years later in 998 / a stone building (also called the white church)
31
When was the second white church complete?
In 1018
32
How did Durham become a site of pilgrimage?
Encouraged by the growing cult of saint cuthbert
33
Who was King Canute?
One early pilgrim- granted many privileges and much land to Durham community
34
What was one of the principal purposes of Durham?
It was a sacred space where people could walk in solemn procession or as a crowd to make their way towards st cuthbert
35
What quickly brought change within the church and why?
The conquest, reorganisation of administrative structures
36
What was the churches role in in administrative functions?
Important part of how the country was run / ensured peace of the conquered country
37
How were cathedrals started to be used for administry?
They became important areas where people could be controlled from
38
Where and when was the most important church council?
London in 1075
39
What did the church council London in 1075 lead up to?
The re-organisation of dioceses / where necessary moving cathedrals god enters of population
40
What is a diocese?
A district under the pastoral care of a bishop in the Christian church
41
Why did they move cathedrals to centres of population? And what did this do?
To form new partnership with the civil and military powers / increase control of the normans
42
What happened in 1109?
New diocese of Ely was carved out of the area controlling Lincoln to help keep control over the people who were considering rebelling
43
What happened in 1133?
New diocese was created at Carlisle from part of Durham
44
What effort was Durham apart of in 1133?
To control troublesome north of England, and ensure local area was under norman control
45
What impression did the cathedral give by being on a rocky peninsula?
Human as well as divine power
46
Why did the normans want to give an impression of human as well as divine power?
To show defeated Anglo Saxons and further north Scots where authority lay in newly conquered England
47
What is a prince bishop?
Bishop in a church who’s given power by king to rule an area for him
48
What was prince of Durham allowed to do?
Raise an army / mint his own coins / raise taxes for locals / govern area how he wanted - only if he swore a loyalty of oath to the king
49
What did William the conqueror soon realise after the Norman conquest?
That his kingdom couldn’t safely be protected from Scottish invasion until N.England had good defences -Where Durham is (Northumbria)
50
Why couldn’t William tc easily control north of England?
It was too far from his base in London
51
Who were the 2 most powerful men in the north in william tc’s time?
Northumbria’s earl and bishop
52
What did the Northumbrian dark and bishop do?
Gained alliance with William and confirmed their powers and privileges
53
Why didn’t William appoint earl of bishop to rule?
Northumbrian rebels followed and William realised the area couldn’t be ruled by just a religious leader, he needed an experienced leader and fighter
54
When and who did William first appoint as prince bishop?
William Rufus (his son) in 1075
55
Who did William then appoint as prince bishop in 1081?
William St Calais
56
What did William St Calais create?
A palatine, virtually separate area (like a buffer zone) between England and dangerous Northumbrian-Scotland borderland,
57
Why did history name old bishops of Durham ‘the prince bishops’?
Because if the power within the country palatine so that the king had the rest of England
58
What is a peninsula?
A piece of land almost entirely surrounded by water
59
Who was Æthelwine?
Last anglo-Saxon bishop of Durham in 1056
60
Who did Æthelwine have the support of?
Toasting, king Edward the confessor, earl of Northumbria
61
Who did Edward appoint Norman earl of Northumbria?
Robert de comines to govern the area
62
What did Æthelwine try to warn Robert de comines about (but he didn’t listen)
English rebels, he was burned to death in bishops house January 1069
63
What promoted William to retaliate against English rebels for harrying of the north?
Robert de comines death and the rebellion in the north
64
What happened to Æthelwine during the harrying of the north?
Tried to escape to lindisfarne with relics and Cuthbert’s body but was caught, imprisoned and died in winter 1071
65
Who did William replace Æthelwine with?
William Walcher 1071
66
What did Walcher want to do / did?
Monasticism and set up Benedictine monastic communities at Jarrod and Wearmouth / construction if monastic buildings at Durham to introduce monks
67
Why were the monastic buildings not achieved?
Violent dispute between Walchers supporters and local Northumbrian nobles - tried to save situation but was killed at Gateshead in May 1080
68
What caused William to send his half brother, Odo of Bayeux, north to harry Northumbrian countryside?
When the nobles besieged bishops castle at Durham for 4 days
69
Who was bishop after Walcher?
William of saint Calais 1080
70
What did William St calais do?
Demolished white church / was Benedictine monk / was abbot of abbey of st Vincent in Le Mans
71
What did William St Calais do with priests?
Set about reforming existing cathedral priests by offering chance to join new cathedral chapter, only 1 agreed as they’d have to abandon family
72
What did St Calais do amongst rules?
Set stricter rules based on archbishop Lanfranc / he wanted new monastic athedral to be spectacular
73
Why did St Calais have conflict with Rufus?
Rufus was suspected to have conspired with rebels
74
What did Rufus do in 1088?
Confiscated Calais’ lands and brought him to court in front of king and lanfranc
75
What happened to St Calais at court?
He argued he could only be tried as a bishop in a ecclesiastical court, his opponents argued he should be tried as baron as he had large land and wasn’t church linked
76
What did Calais do after his trial?
Fled to Normandy but allowed to return to Durham in 1091
77
Who was Ranulf Flambard?
Took William St Calais’ place and carried out his ambitions for his predecessor for new cathedral
78
What was Flambard’s relationship with Rufus?
Closets advisor, wholly trusted. But not many others trusted him
79
Flambard was an exactor, what does this mean?
He was charged with finding money for Rufus
80
What did Flambard do, within Rufus?
Doubled any tribute granted to the king / encouraged Rufus to leave valuable clerical posts empty for long after occupant died to keep income for himself.
81
What happened to Flambard in 1099?
He became bishop
82
What happened in 1100?
Rufus died and was replaced by brother Henry who arrested Flambard

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