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(17) History 2 > Norman Conquest and Control > Flashcards

Norman Conquest and Control Flashcards

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1
Q

Who ruled England before 1066?

A

Edward the Confessor

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2
Q

How many people lived in England before 1066?

A

2 million people with almost no castles

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3
Q

How many housecarls did England have before 1066?

A

2500-3000

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4
Q

Why was England wealthy before 1066?

A

natural resources e.g. wool and good trade links already e.g. france, norway

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5
Q

What was the succession crisis in 1066?

A

in 1066 Edward the Confessor died without leaving a clear heir - Godwins, Vikings and Normans all had links to the throne

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6
Q

Why did the vikings have a link to the english throne in 1066?

A
  1. had been invading for years - England paid them to leave called Danegeld (meant they kept coming back)
  2. 1016 king Aethelred was defeated by vikings under Canute - they murdered his family and ruled in England until 1035
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7
Q

Why did the Normans have a link to the english throne in 1066?

A
  1. after Aethelred died his wife Emma (and children Alfred and Edward) fled to Normandy where her brother Richard, Duke of Normandy protected them
  2. Richard raised the boys as Normans and forced Emma to go back and marry Canute
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8
Q

Why did the Godwins have a link to the english throne in 1066?

A
  1. Earl Godwin became Earl of Wessex (most powerful) when Canute split England into 4 earldoms
  2. 1051 rebelled against Edward the Confessor and they were exiled from England
  3. Edward then appointed more Normans into his court as he fled he could trust them - the Witan resented this and encouraged Godwins to return with an army
  4. Godwins returned and forced King Edward to reinstate them as earls of Wessex and dismiss Normans from the English court
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9
Q

When did the Godwins rebel against Edward the Confessor?

A

1051

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10
Q

Who were the claimants to the English throne in 1066? (4)

A
  1. William of Normandy
  2. Harold Godwinson
  3. Harald Hardrada
  4. Edgar Aetheling
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11
Q

What were the strengths and weaknesses of Edgar Aetheling? (2/2)

A
  1. related - direct descendant of Alfred the Great
  2. edward the confessor named him successor to the throne
  3. only 14 in 1066 so treated as child
  4. no money, soldiers or military experience
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12
Q

What were the strengths and weaknesses of Harald Hardrada? (viking) (2/1)

A
  1. supported by Tosig Godwinson
  2. father died in 1046 and he became king of Norway - experienced king and thought he had right to throne
  3. doesn’t speak english
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13
Q

What were the strengths and weaknesses of William of Normandy? (5/1)

A
  1. related - distant cousin of Edward the Confessor
  2. promised to inherit throne by Edward
  3. claimed Godwinsons promised under oath to support his claim to the throne
  4. good military leader
  5. backing of the pope (God)
  6. no english
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14
Q

What were the strengths and weaknesses of Harold Godwinson?

A
  1. king’s brother in law
  2. most powerful family in England
  3. military leader - killed king Gruffydd when invaded
  4. offered throne
  5. exiled from country after unsuccessfully attempting to overthrow Edward the Confessor - Witan persuaded them to come back
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15
Q

When was Harold Godwinson crowned king?

A

January 1066

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16
Q

What did Godwinson do after becoming king?

A

had peasant soldiers (fyrds) ready to fight claimants but had to let them go home on 8th september to harvest crops

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17
Q

Where did Hardrada land in September 1066?

A

10 miles from York

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18
Q

How many ships did Hardrada use to invade in September 1066?

A

300

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19
Q

What was the battle in September 1066 called and when was it?

A

Battle of Fulford Gate - 20th September 1066

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20
Q

Who fought at the Battle of Fulford Bridge?

A

Harald Hardrada with his 7,000 Viking soldiers - Earls Edwin and Morcar with 3,500 saxon soldiers

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21
Q

What happened at the battle of Fulford bridge?

A
  1. Saxons attacked early and many Vikings were not on the battlefield - as time went on they arrived and overwhelmed the Saxons
  2. Hardrada won but both sides suffered heavy losses - Saxon army was scattered and Edwin and Mortar fled
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22
Q

What happened following the battle of Fulford bridge?

A

Harold Godwinson heard of the saxon loss and so moved 190 miles in 4 days to reach York, meeting the Vikings at Stamford Bridge on 25th September 1066

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23
Q

What happened at the Battle of Stamford Bridge?

A
  1. Vikings hadn’t expected Harold to reach York so quickly (190 miles in 4 days)
  2. Vikings were camping far side of River Derwent and hadn’t defended Stamford Bridge properly
  3. Hardrada and Tostig both killed
  4. as Harold II celebrated victory on 28th September - news arrived that William of Normandy had arrived
24
Q

Who fought at the Battle of Hastings?

A

Kind Harold II and William of Normandy

25
Q

What were Harold II’s strengths in the Battle of Hastings? (6)

A
  1. motivated saxon army as defending their country
  2. housecarls and thegns were well-trained
  3. double-handed axes, pikes and armour
  4. shield wall formation prevent enemies progressing
  5. located at the top of Senlac Hill away from marshes
  6. experienced general defeated the welsh and the vikings - v popular with the witan and saxons
26
Q

What were Harold II’s weaknesses in the Battle of Hastings? (4)

A
  1. had to march 190 miles from York to the south coast so army was tired
  2. army mostly fyrds - only 7,000 soldiers in total
  3. weapons taken from fallen soldiers
  4. invasions occurred during the harvest so many fyrds had left (luck)
27
Q

What were William’s strengths in the Battle of Hastings? (6)

A
  1. sent a leading member of the Norman church to visit the pope who gave William his papal banner - meaning it was a Holy War - also had support of King Philip of france
  2. recruited men from all over france and promised them land - 8000 motivated soldiers
  3. knights trained from the age of 3 and horses kicked and bit in battle
  4. large tear-shaped shields chin-shin protection and flags used by division commanders to communicate
  5. had conquered areas around Normandy as far as Sicilly
  6. feigned flight and other tactics meant saxon shield was broken (luck)
28
Q

What were William’s weaknesses in the Battle of Hastings?

A
  1. most of his soldiers were mercenaries and only fought because of the promise of money rather than loyalty
  2. William chose the bottom of the hill and relied on an old Roman road as either side was marshy
29
Q

How many soldiers did Harold II have compared to William of Normandy at the battle of hastings?

A

7000 fyrds compared to 8000 motivated soldiers

30
Q

How many motte and bailey castles did the Normans build and when?

A

500 between 1066-86

31
Q

Where was the first Norman castle built?

A

Pevensey

32
Q

What was the purpose of Norman castles?

A
  1. bases for offensive patrols into the countryside
  2. for Norman nobles - good method of defence from angry locals
  3. symbol of norman power - dominated Saxon villages v tall (+ built on hills to seem taller) - constant reminder of oppression
33
Q

When did William become king?

A

christmas day 1066

34
Q

How long did it take to build a motte and bailey castle?

A

2 weeks

35
Q

What was the structure of a motte and bailey castle?

A

motte was the mound/hill
on top of the motte was a keep (main castle)
bailey was the surrounding area with few buildings and surrounded by the palisade (wall) and moat with a drawbridge

36
Q

When were Norman castles built of stone?

A

built of wood until 1070 when made of stone

37
Q

Where were motte and bailey castles built?

A
  1. strategically built e.g. at river crossing, high ground or town
  2. many along the Welsh Border called the marchlands as protection from invading french
  3. often destroyed homes to make way for castles
  4. also needed to be near resources
  5. build near bends in a river or coast (e.g. Pevensey) so that some sides had natural defences
38
Q

What are the key features of Pevensey?

A
  1. concentric walls
  2. built on a hill
  3. built at the coast
  4. built on remains of a roman fort
  5. as temporary shelter and base to launch their invasion on south coast
39
Q

What happened straight after William had won the Battle of Hastings?

A
  1. he waited 2 weeks at hastings for the lords to surrender to him and make him king but this didn’t happen so he left a garrison behind and marched on to other towns
40
Q

Which towns did William visit following his success at the Battle of Hastings?

A
  1. Romney - burned town to ground for killing normans
  2. Dover - surrendered and garrison left behind
  3. Canterbury - promised loyalty through fear
  4. Winchester - capital and home to royal treasury, widow Queen Edith surrendered to him (Harold II’s son Edwin and Morcar fled to Ireland)
  5. Dec 1066 - Edgar Aetheling and other nobles travelled to Berkhamstead and swore loyalty
  6. crowned king on Christmas 1066 at Westminster Abbey
41
Q

What did the Witan think of William?

A

wanted edgar atheling to be king - as well as Harold II’s sons and saxon nobles - but he was only 14

42
Q

How did William prove his legitimacy to the throne? (4)

A
  1. Royal writs (orders) written in English until 1070s
  2. Saxon Archbishop of Canterbury (stigand) remained until 1070
  3. Lords that swore oaths of allegiance to William kept land and so did Edwin and Morcar
  4. Edgar Aetheling given land, Earl of Northumbria married William’s niece
43
Q

What did William do to families of those who died?

A

seized their land and families were disinherited, meaning land was given to Norman lords and william could build a network of loyal normans

44
Q

What happened in March 1067?

A

William was secure enough to return to Normandy and leave half-brother Odo and his cousin (who became Earl of Hereford) in charge - also took enemies with him to ensure they didn’t rebel in his absence e.g. Edwin and Morcar and Edgar Aetheling

45
Q

What were the main rebellions William faced?

A 
1067 The Welsh Borders
1067 Northumbria
1068 Exeter and the south-west
1969 the Harrying of the North
1075 the Norman Earls
46
Q

What were the features of the Welsh Border rebellion in 1067?

A
  • thegn of Herefordshire launched revolt
  • gained support of welsh princes
  • stole property on the border
  • launched another attack in 1069 reaching Cheshire
  • attacked the Norman castle at Shrewsbury and William sent army to defeat them
47
Q

What were the features of the Northumbrian rebellion in 1067?

A
  • Copsig ruled the northern part of Northumbria
  • Copsig had supported Harold II’s brother at the battle of Stamford Bridge so was hated by the North
  • ambushed by locals and head hacked off on arrival
48
Q

What were the features of the Exeter and south-west rebellion in 1068?

A
  • exeter had refused loyalty
  • William marched an army of normans and loyal englishmen to exeter and the city surrendered after 18 days
  • castle was built and garrison left behind
49
Q

What were the features of the Harrying of the North in 1067?

A
  • Edwin and Morcar and Edgar Aetheling fled north
  • King Malcolm of Scotland gave Edgar support
  • Vikings then invaded with 240 ships and joined the english army led by the earls
  • they captured York castle
  • William marched north and paid the Vikings to leave
  • william defeated the rebel army in the north with 100,000 killed
  • he tried to make the north uninhabitable by salting fields, burning towns etc
50
Q

How many ships did the vikings invade with during the harrying of the north?

A

240

51
Q

How many people died during the harrying of the north?

A

100,000

52
Q

What were the features of the Norman Earl rebellion in 1075?

A
  • led by two earls, Ralph and Roger
  • Roger was Earl of Hereford and son of William’s cousin
  • Ralph had had his marriage stopped by William
  • had support of King Philip I of france
  • Odo was left to deal with the revolt
  • ended with Ralph retreating to Brittany and Roger not allowed to leave Hereford
53
Q

What were the 5 ways William established control in England?

A
  1. terror (e.g. romney, harrying of the north)
  2. military presence (e.g. garrisons, castles)
  3. patronage (e.g. giving land to ensure loyalty)
  4. concessions (e.g. compromising - King Malcolm III of Scotland forced to sign treaty and exiled Aetheling (after harrying of north) in return for land in Cumbria)
  5. legality (showing he was the rightful king)
54
Q

How did William I die?

A
  1. in 1086 he was injured at Battle of Mantes
  2. fell against his saddle and damaged his intestines:(
  3. taken to Rouen where he declined for 6 weeks
  4. died 9th September 1087
55
Q

What happened to William’s sons after he died?

A
  1. uncertainty over who would take over
  2. relations between eldest son, Curthose were bad - called him ‘proud and silly’ - only got Duke of Normandy
  3. therefore throne granted to second son William Rufus
  4. third son only got money but no land
56
Q

When was William Rufus crowned king?

A

26th September 1087

57
Q

What challenge did William II face following his coronation?

A
  1. in 1088 Odd began to plot against him with the support of 6/10 leading Norman barons
  2. Bishop of Durham informed William of the plot - in response he divided the rebels with promises and threats about the oaths they had sworn - also promised hunting rights and to make just laws (but didn’t happen)
  3. by end of the summer Odo had surrendered

(17) History 2 (7 decks)

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