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(17) History 2 > Medicine Stands Still 1000-1400 (Medieval) > Flashcards

Medicine Stands Still 1000-1400 (Medieval) Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the main killers of Medieval Britain?

A

Famine, war, Saint Anthony’s Disease, dysentery/typhoid/smallpox/measles, childbirth

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2
Q

What did malnourishment mean for people in Medieval Britain?

A

People were more likely to catch diseases

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3
Q

What was Saint Anthony’s disease?

A

A disease caused by a fungus growing on rye in damp conditions, once in bread it caused rashes and even death

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4
Q

What did 10% of England’s population die from in the Medieval Period?

A

Dysentery, typhoid, smallpox and measles

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5
Q

How many children died before the ages of 7 in Medieval Britain?

A

30%

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6
Q

At what age did 30% if children die during Medieval Britain?

A

Seven

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7
Q

What was the Medieval cure for asthma?

A

Swallow young frogs

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8
Q

What did Hippocrates suggest?

A

The Four Humours theory (recognised keeping the body healthy) realised different parts of the body needed different treatments, diet was important

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9
Q

What empire was Hippocrates part of?

A

Greek 400BC

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10
Q

How many books did Hippocrates write?

A

60 books - influenced Western medicine for a long time

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11
Q

What impact did Hippocrates have to this day?

A

Doctors still sign the Hippocratic Oath (confidentiality)

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12
Q

How was the Greek Empire (400BC) significant in the development of medicine?

A

(Hippocrates)

  • Four Humours theory recognised keeping body healthy, different parts of the body need different treatments
  • Influenced public health by realising significance of diet
  • Big impact at the time as 60 books and Western medicine influenced for a long time after
  • Impact now as Hippocratic Oath
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13
Q

How did the Roman Empire (150AD) help with disease and infection?

A

Built bath houses

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14
Q

How did the Roman Empire/Galen (150AD) influence surgery and the anatomy?

A

Galen (moved to Roman Empire from Greece) worked in a gladiator school - learnt about the anatomy and threading injuries - realised observation was important

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15
Q

How did the Roman Empire (150AD) influence public health?

A
  • Aqueducts brought fresh water to towns

- Underfloor heating

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16
Q

How did the Roman Empire/Galen (150AD) influence medicine at the time?

A
  • Galen’s books used as university medical tests - taught dissection to better understand the body
  • Influenced Western medicine for a long time
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17
Q

How did the Arabic Empire (900AD) influence disease and infection understanding?

A
  • Rhazes wrote first description of smallpox

- Arab hospitals trained people and had pharmacies

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18
Q

Who was Rhazes?

A

An Arabic Doctor who wrote the first description of smallpox symptoms

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19
Q

How did the Arabic Empire (900AD) influence surgery and the anatomy?

A

Avicenna (Arabic scholar) wrote texts; The Book of Healing and Canon of Medicine

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20
Q

How did the Arabic Empire (900AD) influence public health?

A

Believed cleanliness and fresh air were important

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21
Q

Who was Avicenna?

A

An Arabic scholar who wrote The Book of Healing and Canon of Medicine - were reprinted in Europe - used into 17th century

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22
Q

How did the Arabic Empire (900AD) influence medicine at the time?

A

Texts were reprinted in Europe and used well into the 17th century (Avicenna)

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23
Q

How has the Arabic Empire (900AD) influenced medicine now?

A

We still use some tools and methods e.g. stitching

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24
Q

What were the Four Humours?

A

Blood, Phlegm, Yellow bile, Black bile (dangerous as bloodletting etc)

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25
Q

What did medieval people believe made them ill?

A
  • God
  • Bad smells
  • Supernatural
  • Everyday life
  • Four Humours
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26
Q

What did the Barber Surgeon do in the Medieval times?

A
  • Most people with money went to him
  • Had to be trained as an apprentice
  • Mostly in towns and cities - some travelled country
  • Carried out minor operations (pulling out teeth, setting broken bones)
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27
Q

What did the Apothecary do in the Medieval times?

A
  • Sold medicine as well as herbs and spices
  • 7 year apprenticeship for training
  • Sold SIMPLES (medicine made of one hero of compounds which were a combination of ingredients e.g. red rose and bamboo juice for smallpox treatment)
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28
Q

What did Wise Women do in the Medieval times?

A
  • Wisdom and skills handed down in family
  • Usually knew the patient, reasonably priced
  • Acted as midwives
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29
Q

What did the lady of the house do in the Medieval times?

A
  • Expected to provide medical care for her family and workers
30
Q

What was the apothecary’s treatments?

A

Bleeding - done by cupping (slicing a vein:/) or using leeches - thought too much blood caused illness - leeches still used today

31
Q

What was the barber surgeon’s treatments?

A

Herbs e.g. camomile tea and lavender scented pillows for headaches. ointments for aching joints
Some were more strange eg toothache - hot rods in the cavities - thought tooth worm made the holes

32
Q

What did the lady of the house and wise women use to diagnose and treat illnesses?

A
  • urine charts (matching urine colour to the chart, sometimes even smelt and tasted it - still use urine samples today)
  • zodiac charts (different parts of the body linked to different astrological signs and told them how to treat a patient)
33
Q

Who was the first English Surgeon and when was this?

A

John Arderne - 1307

34
Q

What did John Arderne do?

A
  • medieval surgeon (trained in London)
  • 50% success rate in removing anus growths (v successful for time)
  • worked in 100 years war, developed understanding for major wounds and developed painkillers e.g. hemlock, opium and henbane - helped to stop need for cauterisation (which caused many deaths)
  • talented at amputating
  • wrote books with modern ideas e.g. The Practice of Surgery (1350) encouraged doctors to have a good bedside manner, talk calmly and trust own judgement (not relying on Galen or Hippocrates)
  • treated the rich for a lot so he could treat the poor for free
35
Q

What was Arderne’s book called?

A

The Practice of Surgery 1350 (encouraged bedside manner, talking calmly and making own judgements)

36
Q

Where did Arderne work?

A

In 100 years war where he developed painkilling ointments, hemlock, henbane and opium

37
Q

What was Arderne good at?

A

amputating and removing anus growths (50% success rate)

38
Q

What was trepanning?

A

drilling into people’s heads to remove the demons (if they have a headache) - very dangerous but actually removed some pressure

39
Q

What was the role of the church in medieval medicine?

A
  • people encouraged to buy indulgences (prayers) and go on pilgrimages to cure them - site of St John of Bridlington was believed to be a source of miracles
  • dissection was illegal (heresy) and scientists arrested e.g. Roger Bacon - Oxford lecturer who questioned church’s stance on Galen
  • Christian duty to look after sick/poor
  • set up 160 hospitals in 12-13th century (however many refused to take women/very sick people)
  • church set up university schools of medicine in Europe (however Galen and Hippocratic texts taught)
  • monks copied up medical texts and translated islamic texts
40
Q

Where did people go on pilgrimages to cure themselves in the Medieval era?

A

St John of Bridlington’s grave - source of miracles v special to women in labour

41
Q

Who was Roger Bacon?

A

an oxford lecturer who was arrested for questioning the church’s stance on Galen

42
Q

How many hospitals did the church set up during the 12-13th century?

A

160 (but many were small and refused women/very sick people)

43
Q

How did monks contribute to medicine development?

A

monks copied up Galen and Hippocrates texts and translated Islamic texts

44
Q

What was the role of war in medieval medicine?

A
  • lots of war led to surgical advancements
  • cauterisation (sealing wounds with hot metal and could be fatal) replaced with wine as an antiseptic
  • Arderne’s painkillers (eg opium) were used and drugs to knock out patients were used to allow surgery (however they could also kill the patient)
  • army surgeons performed quick amputations but with saws and no effective anaesthetic
  • tools invented e.g. arrow cup removed arrows with little damage
  • diagrams e.g. the wound man improved knowledge
45
Q

What tool was developed for removing arrows during the medieval times?

A

the arrow cup

46
Q

What was cauterisation replaced with in medieval medicine?

A

wine as an antiseptic

47
Q

What diagrams were developed to help understanding in the medieval times?

A

the wound man

48
Q

What was the role of science in medieval medicine?

A
  • Grosseteste - oxford uni and late Bishop of Lincoln encouraged scientific enquiry and experiment - his work led to development of spectacles
  • Old text were challenged - e.g. Roger Bacon and the church’s view of Galen
49
Q

Who was Grosseteste?

A

Bishop of Lincoln - his work led to development of spectacles and he encouraged scientific enquiry

50
Q

What was life in a Medieval Hospital like?

A
  • Bishop Lanfranc constructed a stone building, split into two for sick men and women - made arrangements for food and clothing
  • rules (of hospital in Bridgewater 1215): No Lepers, lunatics, contagious diseases, no pregnant women, no sucking infants - when recovered should be let out immediately
  • St Mary of Bethlehem 1247 specialised in “poor and silly people” - many hospitals acted more as safe houses for the vulnerable or care homes until you felt better
  • clothes boiled and sheets changed every night, main treatment was prayer, monks used sophisticated herbal remedies and amputations, induced birth, stopped scurvy etc
51
Q

How were medieval towns unhealthy?

A
  • no police so crime was common
  • wells for drinking water close to cesspools
  • people lived close together so disease spread rapidly
52
Q

What was the debate on pus during the medieval period?

A
  • some surgeons believed in Galen’s idea that pus helped healing - led to deaths from infection
  • some attempted to clean wounds with vinegar, wine or honey (islamic ideas) - this was also rarely effective
  • infection was the most common cause of surgical death
53
Q

What were the rules of a hospital in Bridgewater 1215?

A

No Lepers, lunatics, contagious diseases, no pregnant women, no sucking infants - when recovered should be let out immediately

54
Q

What was the most common cause of surgical death?

A

infection

55
Q

Who was Theodoric?

A
  • bishop in italy
  • wrote surgical books e.g. the Cyrurgia - challenged Galen and encouraged an antiseptic and anaesthetic approach - sponge soaked in opium, mandrake, hemlock etc induced unconsciousness - and bandages pre-soaked in wine
56
Q

What were the features of islamic medicine?

A
  • muslims believed learning was important, translated greek/roman texts
  • used clinical observation
  • understood importance of hygiene
  • set up hospitals - these also trained doctors by awarding medical licences
  • islam didn’t permit dissection of human bodies
  • appealing to Allah was encouraged - believed disease was sent from God
57
Q

What did muslims use to treat the sick?

A
  • invented distillation to make drugs/anaesthetic
  • developed successful anaesthetic (surgery less painful)
  • having a medical licence meant you could open up a practice anywhere
  • good hygiene would lead to a healthy body
  • charity was important to islam - one hospital gave outpatients money to allow them time for rest
58
Q

Who was Rhazes?

A
  • Arab doctor
  • El Hawl covered arab and greek medicine
  • also wrote 200 medical works
  • wrote of the difference between smallpox and measles
  • first to consider allergies and diagnose hay fever
59
Q

Who was Ibn al-Nafis?

A
  • Islamic doctor
  • discovered how blood was circulated through the heart - closest to discovering the complete circulatory system until the 17th century
60
Q

Who wrote around 200 texts including El Hawk?

A

Rhazes

61
Q

What was average age of death in the medieval period?

A

35

62
Q

How much did population increase by between 1200-1400?

A

500% - 1200-1400

63
Q

What did the Mayor’s Proclamation 1421 require?

A

That every man clean the street in front of his house every Saturday or pay a 12 penny fine

64
Q

When was the Mayor’s Proclamation?

A

1421

65
Q

When did Coventry introduce designated waste-disposal locations and how did the council do this?

A

1427 - 5 waste-disposal locations (e.g. dunghill, muck hill and pit) - waste disposal in River Sherbourne banned 9 times

66
Q

What did the council in Coventry do to prevent flooding?

A

1421 - all latrines over the Red Ditch (local stream) ordered to be removed, attempts to stop stables and butchers throwing waste into River Sherbourne

67
Q

When was the plague in medieval times?

A

1348-50

68
Q

How much of the population did the plague wipe out in 1948-49?

A

50-66%

69
Q

What did people in medieval times think caused the plague?

A
  • miasma (bad smells)
  • four humours out of balance
  • God as people weren’t going to church enough
  • jews poisoned wells
  • earthquake in china
  • the planets
70
Q

What ddi people do to avoid the plague in medieval times?

A
  • prayer
  • burning candles in church
  • bathing in urine
  • posy of herbs
  • avoiding victims
  • not eating much
71
Q

What did people do to help those affected with the black death?

A
  • pop open buboes to release disease
  • attach chickens to buboes to drive away disease
  • drink vinegar mercury mix
  • hagellation (prayers and whipping self)
  • bleeding to release evils

(17) History 2 (7 decks)

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