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Reproduction Physiology > Normal Anatomy of the Breast > Flashcards

Normal Anatomy of the Breast Flashcards

1
Q

What factors influence breast size and shape?

A

Genetic
Racial
Dietary

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2
Q

Extent of breast location on ribs

A

2nd/3rd rib to the 6th rib

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3
Q

Transverse location of the breast

A

Sternal edge to the mid axillary line

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4
Q

What does the breast lie on?

A

Deep pectoral fascia

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5
Q

What is the axillary tail (of spence) or process?

A

When a small part of the breast tissue extends towards the axillary fossa

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6
Q

What does 2/3rds of the breast rest on?

A

Pectoral fascia covering the pectoralis major

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7
Q

What does 1/3rd of the breast lie on?

A

The fascia covering the serratus anterior

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8
Q

How is the breast firmly attached to the dermis?

A

By the suspensory ligament of cooper - helps to support the lobules of the gland

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9
Q

What is the nipple?

A

The prominence of the breast

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10
Q

What is the areola?

A

The pigmented area around the nipple

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11
Q

How many lobules of glandular tissue (parenchyma) does each breast contain?

A

15-20

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12
Q

What is the functional unit of the breast?

A

Lobules of glandular tissue

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13
Q

How is each lobule drained?

A

By lactiferous duct - opens independently to the nipple

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14
Q

Function of the lactiferous sinus

A

Dilated position of each duct which, when breastfeeding starts, the milk is transferred from the alveoli into the sinuses and so a small amount is stored in the sinus, so the baby will get milk more easily

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15
Q

Position of the nipple

A

Variable of the 4th intercostal space

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16
Q

What does the nipple contain?

A

Collagenous dense connective tissue
Elastic fibres
Bands of smooth muscle

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17
Q

What does the nipple NOT have?

A

Fat

Hair

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18
Q

What does the areola contain?

A

Numerous sweat glands

Numerous sebaceous glands

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19
Q

Does the areola enlarge during pregnancy?

A

Yes

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20
Q

Function of the sebaceous gland of the areola

A

Oily material is secreted which provides a protective lubricant for the nipple and the areola

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21
Q

4 quadrants of the breast

A

Superomedial quadrant
Inferomedial quadrant
Superolateral quadrant (axillary tail extension of breast tissue in this quadrant)
Inferolateral quadrant

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22
Q

Male breast contains

A

Small ducts without lobules or alveoli

Little supporting adipose tissue

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23
Q

When does the male breast have temporary enlargement?

A

Newborn

During puberty

24
Q

Development stages of the breast

A
  1. Mammary crests or ridges appear during the 4th week
  2. These crests usually disappear except in the pectoral region
  3. Primary mammary buds -> secondary mammary buds -> lactiferous ducts and their branches
25
Q

Gynaecomastia definition

A

Post natal development of rudimentary lactiferous ducts in males

26
Q

Polymastia definition

A

An extra breast

27
Q

Polythelia definition

A

An extra nipple

28
Q

Athelia definition

A

Absence of a nipple

29
Q

Amastia definition

A

Absence of a breast

30
Q

Breast blood supply

A

Branches of the axillary artery, internal thoracic Artery and some intercostal arteries

  • thoraco-acromial artery
  • lateral thoracic artery
  • internal mammary (thoracic) artery
31
Q

Nerve supply to the breast

A

Anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of the 4th-6th intercostal nerves

32
Q

What do the nerves of the breast supply?

A

Sensory fibres to the skin of the breast

Sympathetic fibres to the blood vessels and to the smooth muscle around the nipple

33
Q

Do breast lymphatics contain valves?

A

No

34
Q

Clinical significance of breast lymphatic drainage

A

Metastatic dissemination occurs primarily by lymphatic routes
Spread of infection

35
Q

Where does most of the lymph (>75%) from the lateral quadrants end up?

A

In the axillary nodes

36
Q

Possible lymphatic drainage of the breast to…..

A

Axillary nodes
Supraclavicular nodes
Inferior cervical nodes
From medial quadrants - parasternal or opposite breast

37
Q

What lymph node has a role in biopsies for breast cancer?

A

Sentinel node

38
Q

What is the significance of the sentinel node

A

It is the first draining node

39
Q

What is the functioning milk secretory component of the breast?

A

The terminal duct lobular unit

40
Q

What is the breast soft tissue made up from?

A

Lobes which contain a network of glandular tissue consisting of branching ducts and secretory lobules in a connective tissue stroma

41
Q

Lobular vs intralobular tissue

A

Lobular tissue = connective tissue stroma that surrounds the lobules is dense and fibrocollagenous
Intralobular tissue = loose texture

42
Q

Branching duct system of the breast is surround by two types of tissue

A
  1. dense fibrous interlobular tissue

2. Adipose tissue

43
Q

Ducts and acini of the breast are lined by two layers of cells

A
  1. luminal epithelial cells

2. myoepithelial cells

44
Q

Changes to the breast pre-puberty

A

Neonatal breast contains lactiferous ducts but no alveoli
Until puberty, little branching of the ducts occurs
Slight breast enlargement reflects the growth of fibrous stoma and fat

45
Q

Changes to the breast during puberty

A

Branching of lactiferous ducts
Solid, spheroidal masses of glandular polyhedral cells/alveoli
Accumulation of lipids in the adipocytes

46
Q

Changes to the breast post-menopause

A

Progressive atrophy of lobules and ducts

Fatty replacement of glandular tissue

47
Q

Histology of the breast during pregnancy shows….

A

Colostrum - protein rich fluid available a few days after birth

48
Q

What is colostrum rich in?

A

Maternal antibodies

49
Q

Histology of lactating breast shows…..

A

Acini distended with milk
Thin septa between lobules
At high magnification: acini with eosinophilic material containing clear vacuoles
Milk production; suckling-neurohormonal reflex -prolactin and oxytocin

50
Q

Diagnostic methods in breast pathology

A

Mammography
USS
FNAC
Core biopsy

51
Q

Warning signs of breast cancer on the breast

A

Skin dimpling
Abnormal contours
Edema of skin (peau d’orange sign)
nipple retraction and deviation

52
Q

Pathology of carcinoma in situ of the breast

A

Cluster of malignant epithelial cells invade into the normal stroma

53
Q

Chance of a woman developing breast cancer

A

1 in 9/10

54
Q

Benign breast tumours include

A

Fibroadenoma
Duct papilloma
Adenoma
Connective tissue tumours

55
Q

Definition of Pagets Disease of the nipple

A

Erosion of the nipple resembling ezcema

56
Q

What is pagents disease of the nipple associated with?

A

Ductal or invasive carcinoma

Reproduction Physiology (13 decks)

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