Norfolk Coast (2)

Question 0

How were the cliffs formed

Answer 0

60-70 m high
Transported by ice sheets over the last 2 million years
Ice sheets are eroded and transported before deposition rock material
The main kind of material is glacial till - tough, grey boulders of clay

Question 1

Materials making up the coast line

Answer 1

Cliffs - mainly made of chalk
Above chalk lie sand, gravel and clay
Beach - made from sand, pebbles, cobbles and flints

Question 2

How was the beach formed, the processes

Answer 2

Materials are broken up by the sea, following processes:
Attrition
Corrosion
Undercutting
Abrasion
Solution

Question 3

How the beach was formed

Answer 3

Material is eroded and transported, then deposited. - longshore drift
Material is washed up the beach (swash) and then comes back down (backwash) at right angles. Leading to movement along coast

Question 4

Swash and backwash

Answer 4

If swash is stronger then backwash - a beach is formed
If backwash is stronger than swash - a beach is being reduced

(Swash, depositing material… Backwash taking material away)

Question 5

Why are the beaches and cliffs so vulnerable

Answer 5

Geology is weak
Storms
Entrance to English Channel 
Human action
Weathering

Question 6

Weak geology

Answer 6

Causes slumping. Which is when the rocks below the clay cannot hold the weight of the clay with the added water, so they crumble down

Question 7

Storms

Answer 7

Common in the North Sea, strong winds and waves

Question 8

Entrance to English Channel

Answer 8

Channel is shallower and acts as a funnel

Question 9

Human action

Answer 9

Some defence strategies in on area can deprive another

Question 10

Weathering

Answer 10

Caused by slightly acidic rain

Question 11

What strategies are used to protect the landforms

Answer 11

Timber revetments
Drainage pipes and shrub planting
Groynes
Gabion cages

Question 12

Timber revetments

Answer 12

Built parallel to cliffs
Huge wooden structures at 45degree angles
Semi permeable
Break force of waves and disperses energy

Question 13

Drainage pipes and shrub planting

Answer 13

Draws water off cliff bases and diverts it onto beach

Vegetation binds soil together by root action

Question 14

Groynes

Answer 14

Built at right angles to coast
100m long
Energy of waves reduced 
Traps beach sediment from longshore drift
Protects cliff base
Used both permeable and non permeable

Question 15

Gabion cages

Answer 15

Wire cages filled with resistant flint
Contains toes of slump
Reinforces the bluff base to prevent slumping
Allows water to drain through

Question 16

Policies used to determine where to spend the money protecting the coastal areas

Answer 16

Cost benefit analysis policy
Managed retreat policy
Red lining policy
Holding the line policy
Let it fall policy

Question 17

Cost benefit analysis policy

Answer 17

Area of lands are taken up and estimated how much they are worth, depending on anything built on it or any income
Once value agreed, money is set up to that value to be spent on protecting the area
After money is spent, council will not pay anymore

Question 18

Managed retreat policy

Answer 18

Limited money will be spent
Usually areas with less building developments
Decided that area is not worth the cost of major defences

Question 19

Red lining policy

Answer 19

Decides where likely position of coast will be in 60 years
No planning permission is given to buildings which will be seaward of this line in 60 years.
The line is constantly reviewed

Question 20

Holding the line policy

Answer 20

Money spent on defences as a priority

Usually in areas around towns and other settlements

Question 21

Let it fall policy

Answer 21

Land values are low
No money will be spent
Nature will run its own course

Question 22

Who pays

Answer 22

75% central government
20% north county council
5% north Norfolk district council