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Geography > Norfolk > Flashcards

Norfolk Flashcards

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1
Q

What villages does Norfolk include?

A

Happisburgh, Bacton, Sea Palling and Winterton

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2
Q

Population of Happisburgh

A

1400

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3
Q

Population of Bacton

A

1200

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4
Q

Population of Sea Palling

A

650

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5
Q

Population of Winterton-on-Sea

A

1200

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6
Q

How much land was lost between 1600 and 1850?

A

250m of land

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7
Q

Current rates of erosion

A

2m a year on average

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8
Q

What happened in 1953?

A

Catastrophic flood
53 deaths

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9
Q

What is the coast composed of?

A

Glacial till
Layers of silt, clay and sands

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10
Q

Height of cliffs at Happisburgh

A

6-10m

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11
Q

What coastal management was used in the 1950’s?

A

Hard engineering
- wooden revetments
- groynes
- riprap

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12
Q

What happened in 1990?

A

Storm destroyed 300m of wooden revetment east of Happisburgh
Causing a significant increase in the rate of erosion behind

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13
Q

What happened in 1996?

A

Remaining revetments were damaged by storms
6 cliff-top properties were lost

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14
Q

What were the changes in government policy?

A

Happisburgh was no longer funded by the government

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15
Q

What year was the SMP created for Happisburgh?

A

1996

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16
Q

Key stakeholders in SMP6

A

The Environment Agency
North Norfolk District Council
Local borough councils
Reginal Coastal Groups

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17
Q

What did SMP6 cover?

A

Sub-cell of sediment cell 3

18
Q

What year was SMP6 updated?

A

2009

19
Q

What must a sustainable plan be? (4)

A

Technically sound
Environmentally sustainable
Economically justifiable
Socially acceptable

20
Q

Why was the previous traditional approach unsustainable?

A

Geology of the coast
Sizable fetch and storms of the North Sea
Tidal ranges of 5 metres
Frequent storm surges

21
Q

Social factors

A

Many people who live there believe their safety and security must be maintained
Some disagree where the sea defences have been located

22
Q

Economic factors

A

Some sea defences can negatively impact tourism and reduce income in the area
Sea defences are very expensive

23
Q

Environmental factors

A

Important to help preserve and protect wildlife and natural habitats
Placing a monetary value on biodiversity can be challenging

24
Q

Why is Bacton Gas Terminal important?

A

National and International importance
Connect the UK to the southern North Sea oilfields and to Europe through a pipeline

25
Q

What is the current policy at Bacton?

A

Hold the line

26
Q

What is the plan at Bacton?

A

Maintain 1950’s concrete walls
Install new riprap
Build fresh groynes

27
Q

Negative impacts of coastal management at Bacton

A
  • Trapping sediment starves beaches further down the coast of sediment
  • Making other coastline more vulnerable to erosion
28
Q

What is the current policy at Happisburgh?

A

Managed retreat/ coastal realignment

29
Q

Why is Happisburgh different to Bacton?

A

Happisburgh lies on relatively high relief so flood risk is minimal

30
Q

Who campaigned against coastal management at Happisburgh?

A

Coastal Resident Group (CRG)
Formed of local residents
Campaigned to raise funds for coastal defences
Unsuccessful- policy of managed retreat is due to remain for duration of SMP

31
Q

Negative impacts of coastal management at Happisburgh

A

Huge financial losses for locals
House prices have plummeted

32
Q

How many properties are due to be lost in the 100-year-lifespan of SMP6?

A

35 properties
Caravan Park
Church
Coastguard station

33
Q

What coastal management is occurring at Sea Palling?

A

14km sand-dune ridge

34
Q

What is the current policy at Sea Palling?

A

Hold the line- in the short and medium term
Managed retreat- long term

35
Q

What policy was adopted in Sea Palling in 1996?

A

Advance the line
Building of 9 offshore reefs
Initial cost of $16 million
Costs £1.5/2 million to defend
Sediment deposited behind the reefs cause tombolo effect

36
Q

What was done in Winterton in the 18th century?

A

Sand dunes were stabilised with marram grass

37
Q

What is Winterton now known as?

A

Area of Outstanding Beauty
Site of Special Scientific Interest
Natural Nature Reserve

38
Q

What are the current coastal management plans at Winterton?

A

No current plans

39
Q

What percentage of the Environment Agency budget is allocated to coastal defences?

A

5%

40
Q

What do SMP’s fail to consider?

A

Inland areas which are intrinsically linked to the coastal zone

41
Q

What does SMP6 recognise as the biggest variable?

A

Community impact

42
Q

What is happening to old defences?

A

Removed to allow the coast to retreat effectively

Geography (8 decks)

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