non-verbal communication

Question 1

what is non-verbal communication

Answer 1

all aspects of communication that involves things other than words

• includes symbols

Question 2

symbols

Answer 2

requires encoding and decoding

• encoding: using nonverbal symbols to create meaning
• decoding: assigning meaning to nonverbal symbols
• take note of intention

Question 3

characteristics of NVC: interacts with VC

Answer 3

• repeat verbal messages
• highlight VC
• complement
• contradict verbal messages
• substitute VC

Question 4

characteristics of NVC: regulates interactions

Answer 4

• NVC organises interaction between people, creates “flow” of interaction

Question 5

characteristics of NVC: ambiguous, even more than VC

Answer 5

• some culturally agreed upon rules

- ambiguity rises because meanings change over time

Question 6

characteristics of NVC: establishes relationship-level meanings that defines r/s between communicators

Answer 6

• responsiveness
• liking
• power

Question 7

characteristics of NVC: less controlled

Answer 7

• some nonverbal cues are harder to control

Question 8

characteristics of NVC: reflects cultural values

Answer 8

• NVC not instinctive but is learned in the process of socialisation

Question 9

kinesics

Answer 9

body position, body motions and face

Question 10

haptics

Answer 10

physical touch

- meanings of touch:
positive effect
playful
control
ritualistic
task-related
accidental

Question 11

proxemics

Answer 11

involves the use of space and distance

• every culture has norms for using space and for how close people should be to one another
• space announces status
• space may reflect closeness and desire (or lack of) for interaction

Question 12

expectancy violation theory

Answer 12

violations of expectations are sometimes preferable to confirmations of expectations
- communication reward valence matters

Question 13

Hall (1966) 4 types of personal space

Answer 13

intimate (0.5 m)
personal (1.2 m)
social (3.0 m)

Question 14

vocalics/paralanguage - characteristics of vocals

Answer 14

types

• sounds
• vocal qualities
• silence
• signals others to interpret what we say (e.g. joke, a threat…)
• communicate feelings to others depending on the context and who the parties are
• control vocal cues that influence image
• affects how others perceive us

Question 15

artifacts - personal objects that announce identities, personalise environments

Answer 15

• reflect distinct organisational identities
• define settings and personal territories
• express cultural and ethnic identities

Question 16

chronemics - how we perceive and use time to define identities and interaction

Answer 16

• use time to negotiate and convey status
• express cultural attitudes toward time
• length of time we spend with people reflects the extent of our interest and affection for them
• expectations of times which are influenced by social norms

Question 17

olfatics - odour and scents, or our perceptions of them

Answer 17

• some smells make us feel emotions

- scents we choose to wear can be our personal signatures