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Module 5 Week 1 > Non-pregnant Reroductive Tract 1: Comparative gross anatomy of the ovary > Flashcards

Non-pregnant Reroductive Tract 1: Comparative gross anatomy of the ovary Flashcards

1
Q

What is a gonad

A

Primary reproductive organ of body
responsible for:
-production of gametes; eggs in female repro tract and sperm in male repro tract
-secretion of hormones

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2
Q

Name the structures of female repro. Tract looking at diagram

A

On anki!

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3
Q

What structures does the gonad consist of

A

Ovaries
Ovarian bursa
Uterine tube

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4
Q

What structures does the uterus consist of?

A

Uterine Cornu (horns)
Uterine body
Cervix

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5
Q

Main FUNCTIONS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT

A

Split into sections of:

-Oestrous cycle
-Pregnancy

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6
Q

Wha are the responsibilities/functions of female reproductive tract during oestrous cycle

A

• Attract a mate
• Accommodate penis
• Transport semen from cervix to uterine tube
• Produce ova (egg)
• Transport ova from ovary to uterine tube
• Clear debris from uterus
• Repel mate!
• Prepare for pregnancy

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7
Q

Functions/responsibilities of female reproductive tract during pregnancy

A

• Support & nourish embryo
• Contain & support developing foetus
• expel foetus at parturition
• clear out debris

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8
Q

Most functions of repro tract controlled by…

A

Hormonal changes

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9
Q

Main functions of ovary

A

-Ova (ovum)/eggs development & release
-Hormone production & release

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10
Q

Ovary sizes are species specific. What are the sizes of these species:
-bitch
-cow
-sow
-mare

A
  1. 1-2cm
  2. 42.51.5cm
  3. 5cm long
  4. Up to 10cm
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11
Q

What is shape of ovary?

A

Oval or ellipsoid

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12
Q

Which ovary belongs to which animal?

A

Anki cards

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13
Q

What are the 3 regions of the ovary and their positioning/functions

A
  1. Hilus—>
    -attachment site for supporting structures
    -Entry of blood vessels to vascular area
  2. Vascular zone—> usually central
  3. Parenchymal zone—>
    -Usually peripheral
    -responsible for development of eggs
    -Ova & hormone production
    -ova released through surface of ovary
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14
Q

What is different abut the structure of the mare ovary

A

-Regions reversed;
Vascular zone is peripheral
Parenchymal zone is central

-Have a broad hilus

-More kidney/bean shaped
-there is a central depression at tip; violation occurs from here

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15
Q

What is the little depression at tip of mare ovary. Called?

A

Ovulation fossa (ovulation occurs from here as can’t through vascular zone)

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16
Q

Name the ways we can examine the ovary

A

Transrectal palpation:
• Mare and cow
-quit subjective on personal skill with this one

Ultrasound examination:
• Transrectal in large species
• More accurate than palpation
• much more Objective rather than subjective
• Transabdominal in small species
• Eg. Bitch
• Less information due to size

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17
Q

In Ultrasound of ovary
-fluid appears…
-soft tissue appears…

A

Anechoic (black)
Echogenic (grey)

18
Q

What do the follicles contain
-are they palpable/visible on US?

A

Each contains 1 ovum/egg
-they are microscopic so no duh

19
Q

Follicles go through various stages. Name each follicle stage name and what happens in each

A

1.Vesicular-> fluid starts accumulating and eggs surrounded by fluid filled space
2.Pre-ovulatory follicle-> just before Ovulation occurs
3.if ovulation doesn’t happen-> follicles start regressing and become Atretic; get destroyed

20
Q

Follicles develop in which sections of ovary?

A

Parenchymal zone

21
Q

What happens to the follicles as they start developing in Parenchymal zone?
-exception

A

Start bulging out of surface of ovary (exception; mare- only bulge out in ovulation fossa area)

22
Q

what is the primary hormone being produced by the follicles

A

Oestrogen

23
Q

What impact does production of oestrogen and its entrance into circulation have on animal

A

-Behavioural changes of animal in order to attract mate
-physical changes to tract; in order to ensure. Tract is ready for mating and pregnancy

24
Q

Many follicles are developing all at once, however do al of them become pre-ovulatoray follicles?

A

Nope, number of them is species specific however most of them will regress and get destroyed

25
Q

-How many follicles become pre-ovulatory in a litter bearing animal eg bitch, sow, queen
-how many in single/double bearing e.g cow, mare

A

-Multiple
-1 single follicle being selected

26
Q

What happens to a follicle size once it becomes pre-ovulatory
What happens to its shape/texture in mare?

A

^ in size
-in cows; grow up to 1.5-2cm
-in mare; grow up to 5cm

Becomes pear shaped, soft on palpation

27
Q

What happens during ovulation

A

-Rupture of follicles & release of ova and fluid
->usually from surface of ovary
-follicle collapses; no longer palpable or visible in US

28
Q

What can occur when a follicle ruptures an collapses on itself during ovulation?

A

Corpus heamorrhagicum/rubrum
-when bleeding occurs and it forms in spaces

29
Q

What does corpus haemorrhagicum/rubrum shape look like in
-cow
-mare

Palpable or not?

Anechoic or hyperechoic or echogenic on US?

A

Cow- spherical
Mare- cone/pear shaped

Not palpable

Echogenic- quite bright

30
Q

Corpus rubrum continue growing till it becomes the…

A

Corpus luteum (CL)

31
Q

Corpus luteum
-occupies space left by…
-visible on US or not
-colour

A

• Occupies space left by follicle
• Solid structure
• Visible using ultrasound
• Echogenic
• May contain central fluid filled lacuna (40- 50%)
Yellowy/orangey in colour

32
Q

What hormone does corpus luteum produce? what are functions of this hormone

A

Progesterone-> leads to behavioural changes (instead of attracting males it repels as female is no longer fertile) and physical changes to tract

33
Q

How can you distinguish a follicle and a corpus luteum on ultrasound?

A

Follicle will appear much more anechoic/ black
Luteum will appear more like soft tissue; echogenic

34
Q

Differences between corpus luteum of cow and mare

-size
-contained within or beyond surface of. Ovary
-extras
-palpable or not
-US required for identification or not

A

Cow
-2.5cm diameter
-projects beyond surface of ovary
-sometimes forms an ovulation papilla on top of it
-palpable

Mare
-contained within substance of ovary
-not palpable
-US required for identification

35
Q

What happens if pregnancy does not occur?

A

Oestrous cycle starts again!

36
Q

what are the 2 different types of species that can occur after oestrous cycle restarts if pregnancy did not occur

A

Polyestrous species (cow, mare, sow)
Mono-estrous species (bitch)

37
Q

Describe what occurs during restart of oestrous cycle in polyestrous species

A

Continue cycling constantly until they become pregnant or reach end of breeding season where they go through seasonal anoestrus (no cycling occurs)

-prostaglandin released from uterus
-this causes corpus luteum (CL) to regress & lyse; with time it gets smaller & eventually becomes this little white scar called corpus albicans
-next wave of follicles starts developing (corpus luteum still present regressing so could see both on an ultrasound)

38
Q

What is the white scar remain of corpus luteum during restart of oestrous cycle called?

A

Corpus albicans

39
Q

Describe what occurs during restart of oestrous cycle in mono-oestrus species

A

No continuous cycle; only starts cycling when get pregnant

• CL regresses naturally overtime (63-64 days)- no prostaglandin release
• Enters period of anoestrus
• Follicles & CL not present at same time

40
Q

Seasonal anoestrus
-Ovary size
-Contents functional or not

A

Ovaries small
Contents non functional

41
Q

Is prolonged period of anoestrus in a cow normal?

A

Not normal- should be checked out

42
Q

Wat do follicular/literal cysts in a cow mean?

A

There has been a prolonged period of anoestrus in a cow; they are functional and therefore stop cow from cycling

Module 5 Week 1 (14 decks)

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