NON NURSING THEORIES Flashcards
Is the study of intricate components that function as a whole.
SYSTEMS THEORY
are the internal sub-units of the organization that do not interact with the external environment
Closed systems
are internal subunits that interact with other systems (or sub-units within other systems) that are outside of the organization.
Open systems
an Austrian biologist and systems theorist known for developing General Systems Theory, which focuses on understanding complex systems and their behavior across various domains, including biology, sociology, and management.
LUDWIG VON BERTALANFFY
It is processed by the system in order to obtain the desired output
Inputs
It is the process that occurs to transform the inputs to the desired outputs.
Throughputs
It is the end product of the processing by the system.
Outputs
It is the process through which the output is returned to the system
Feedback
Systems theory encourages nurses to view patients as holistic entities, considering their physical, psychological, social, and environmental dimensions.
Holistic Patient Care
This approach promotes comprehensive care that addresses all aspects of a patient’s well-being.
Holistic Patient Care
Nursing often involves collaboration with various healthcare professionals.
Interdisciplinary Collaboration
Systems theory encourages nurses to go beyond treating symptoms and to identify and address the root causes of health issues.
Identifying Root Causes
Healthcare is dynamic, and systems theory equips nurses with the skills to adapt to evolving patient needs and healthcare settings.
Adapting To Change
Systems theory reminds nurses that each patient
Patient-Centered Care
Nurses always want to do their best. Adopting a systems theory will improve the quality of nursing care provided to patients.
Quality Improvement
Nursing education and research benefit from systems theory as it provides a structured approach to understanding complex healthcare phenomena.
Education and Research
He theorized the three stage model of the change theory
Kurt Tsadek Lewin
German-American social psychologist and is also known as the “Father of social psychology”
Kurt Tsadek Lewin
What stage of the the Change theory involves preparing the organization for change by creating a sense of urgency, communicating the vision and benefits of change, and overcoming resistance and inertia.
Unfreeze ( STAGE 1)
This stage in the Change theory is also known as transition stage. It is where “movement” happens.
Change ( STAGE 2)
This stage in the Change Theory is “Reinforcing, stabilizing, and solidifying the new state after the change”. This is where the newly learned skills and behaviors become permanent
Refreeze (STAGE 3)
He is a Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis
SIGMUND FREUD
It is the driving force of human behavior
Libido
What 5 phases of Freud’s Psychosexual Theory
- Oral phase
- Anal phase
- Phallic phase
- Latency phase
- Genital phase
Errogenous zone: mouth, lips, tongue
Oral phase
First sexual object, according to freudian psychoanalysis, followed by the mother hersefl
Mother’s breast
Acquisition of voluntary sphincter control
Anal phase
Too lenient potty training, underemphasis on cleanliness
Anal-expulsive
Too early toilet training, overemphasis on cleanliness
Anal-retentive
Aka oedipal stage
Phallic stage
Phase where child realize difference between ma,es and females
Phallic phase
Phase where child feels hostility toward same sex oarent
Phallic phase
Phase where child’s libido appears to be diverted into concrete thinking such as school activties
Latency phase
Ego and superego fully developed
Genital phase
Heterosexual stage development
Genital phase
Finding new love objects, establishing new sexual aims
Genital phase
He is a German-American Psychoanalyst
Erik Erikson
His theories marked an important shift in thinking on personality
Erik Erikson
Best known for his famous theory of
psychosocial development and the concept of the identity crisis.
Erik Erikson
What are the 8 stages of Psychosocial Development?
STAGE 1: INFANCY (Trust vs Mistrust)
STAGE 2: EARLY CHILDHOOD ( (Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt)
STAGE 3: PLAY AGE ( Initiative vs Guilt)
STAGE 4: SCHOOL AGE (Industry vs Inferiority)
STAGE 5: ADOLESCENCE (Identity vs Confusion)
STAGE 6: EARLY ADULTHOOD (Intimacy vs Isolation)
STAGE 7: MIDDLE AGE (Generativity vs Stagnation)
STAGE 8: MIDDLE AGE (Integrity vs Despair)
This is the stage where children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection.
STAGE 1: INFANCY
This is the stage where toddlers start to develop a greater sense of self- control and have the independence to learn new things by themselves.
STAGE 2: EARLY CHILDHOOD
This is the stage where children become more assertive of their actions and have the chance to make their own decisions.
STAGE 3: PLAY AGE
Children begin to develop pride in having accomplishments and require encouragement from teachers and parents.
STAGE 4: SCHOOL AGE
This is the stage where teenagers start to explore their independence to develop a sense of self.
STAGE 5: ADOLESCENCE
Young adults in this stage are motivated to form
intimate relationships and explore personal relationships.
STAGE 6: EARLY ADULTHOOD
Middle-aged individuals attempt to build or nurture something that will last, frequently by raising children or encouraging beneficial social chang
STAGE 7: MIDDLE AGE
What stage in the psychosocial development?
They reflect on their achievements in their lives and are ready to meet their end with a sense of peace.
STAGE 8: MIDDLE AGE
Age where infants develop reflex
Stage 1: Sensorimotor
Object permanence
Stage 1: Sensorimotor
In this stage, children think symbolically because
they have an active imagination.
Stage 2: peooperational
treating inanimate objects as living ones
Animism
Stage where animism occurs
Stage 2: preoperational
During this stage, children’s thoughts are typically
egocentric as they are unable to take the point of view of other people.
Stage 2: preoperational
Children in this stage often gain a better
understanding of mental operations and also
recognize cause-and-effect relationships
Stage 3: concrete operational
Reasoning during this stage tends to be inductive
Stage 3: concrete operational
General to specific reasoning
Inductive reasoning
Specific to general reasoning
Deductive reasoning
This stage is characterized by a young person’s
ability to think abstractly
Stage 4: formal operational
Systematic planning occur at this stage
Stage 4: formal operational
This is the theory of moral development by Lawrence
Kohlberg
KOHLBERG’S MORAL DEVELOPMENT
This theory examines how people’s capacities for moral thinking and ethical decision-making change throughout the course of a person’s development.
KOHLBERG’S MORAL DEVELOPMENT
referred to as the “Obedience and Punishment Orientation” and is a part of the Preconventional Level of moral thinking.
STAGE 1: PRECONVENTIONAL LEVEL
At this point, people base their moral decisions primarily on avoiding punishment and pursuing rewards, which are the most fundamental and elementary components of morality.
STAGE 1: PRECONVENTIONAL LEVEL
At this level, people start to think about their own interests and the notion of reciprocity in moral decision-making, moving beyond the basic submission to authority observed in level 1.
STAGE 2: PRECONVENTIONAL LEVEL
referred to as the “Individualism and Exchange Orientation,” and it often appears in late infancy and early adolescence.
STAGE 2: PRECONVENTIONAL LEVEL
referred to as the “Good Interpersonal Relationships” stage.
STAGE 3: CONVENTIONAL LEVEL
people begin to place a higher premium on upholding healthy social relationships and following societal norms and expectations rather than self-interest and external regulations as their moral focus.
STAGE 3: CONVENTIONAL LEVEL
known as the “Law and Order Orientation.”
STAGE 4: CONVENTIONAL LEVEL
In this stage, individuals base their moral reasoning on societal rules, laws, and authority figures.
STAGE 4: CONVENTIONAL LEVEL
known as “Social Contract Orientation.” ; This stage represents a significant shift from conventional morality, where individuals primarily rely on external rules and authority figures to make moral decisions.
STAGE 5: POSTCONVENTIONAL LEVEL
This final stage of moral reasoning is known as the “Universal Ethical Principles”stage.
STAGE 6: POSTCONVENTIONAL LEVEL
This stage is the highest level of moral development and represents a post-conventional level of moral reasoning
STAGE 5: POSTCONVENTIONAL LEVEL
Pioneered interpersonal development theory
Harry stack-sullivan
He believed that anxiety and other psychiatric
disorders resulted from fundamental conflicts between individuals in their human surroundings, and that their personality development was shaped by a series of interactions with other people.
Harry stack-sullivan
He made significant contributions to clinical psychiatry, in particular schizophrenia psychotherapy, and claimed that, while schizophrenics’ mental capacities are reduced, they are not irreversibly lost and can be regained via therapy.
Harry stack-sullivan
places a major emphasis on how culture, social development, and interpersonal connections all contribute to personality development.
Interpersonal theory of psychiatry
Sullivan concentrated on __________ as a result of poor social connections. He thought that, via the integration of the ‘self-system’ view, humans came to personify themselves.
Anxiety
a group of experiences used to prevent anxiety
Self system
7 developmental stages of interpersonal theory
Stage 1: infancy
Stage 2: childhood
Stage 3: juvenile era
Stage 4: preadolescence
Stage 5: early adolescence
Stage 6: late adolescence
Stage 7: adulthood
The main characteristic of this stage is the gratification needs
Stage 1: infancy
Parents are seen as the focal point of acceptance
and commendation
Stage 2: childhood
Characterized by the formation of a peer group
Stage 3: juvenile era
This interest is a more focused connection to select
people who end up being their close friends.
Stage 4: preadolescence
From constantly seeking peers the child will start
developing their own sexual expression
Stage 5: early adolescence
The final stage is distinguished by the creation of
long-term, close connections.
Stage 6: later adolescence
Adulthood struggles financial security, career, and
family
Stage 7: adulthood
What is the theory that places a major emphasis on how culture, social development, and interpersonal connections all contribute to personality development.
Harry Stack Sullivan’s interpersonal theory
What are the SIX DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES of Harry Stack Sullivan’s interpersonal theory?
STAGE 1: INFANCY STAGE 1: INFANCY
STAGE 2: CHILDHOOD
STAGE 3: THE JUVENILE ERA
STAGE 4: PREADOLESCENCE
STAGE 5: EARLY ADOLESCENCE
STAGE 6: LATE ADOLESCENCE
STAGE 7: ADULTHOOD
Takes place from birth to 18 months ; The main characteristic of this stage is the gratification needs
STAGE 1: INFANCY
Occurs from 18 months to 6 years of age; Parents are seen as the focal point of acceptance and commendation
STAGE 2: CHILDHOOD
Occurs between 6 to 9 years of age; Characterized by the formation of a peer group
STAGE 3: THE JUVENILE ERA
This interest is a more focused connection to select people who end up being their close friends.
STAGE 4: PREADOLESCENCE
Rely their self worth on other people, with the basis of whether or not they are attractive and accepted
by the opposite sex
STAGE 5: EARLY ADOLESCENCE
Acquires the capability to form lasting, and intimate relationships
STAGE 6: LATE ADOLESCENCE
Adulthood struggles financial security, career, and family; Relationships and socializing are much easier for adults
STAGE 7: ADULTHOOD
