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CELLS Flashcards

1
Q

Basic unit of life and is composed of a cell membrane and the cytoplasm, which includes organelles such as the nucleus.

A

CELL

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2
Q

Smallest structure capable of performing all the activities vital to life.

A

CELL

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3
Q

The outermost component of the cell.

A

Plasma Membrane

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4
Q

Encloses the cytoplasm and forms a boundary between the material inside the cell and material outside it.

A

Plasma Membrane

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5
Q

Act as a selective barrier that determines what moves into and our of the cell

A

Plasma membrane

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6
Q

Contains phosphorus and form a double layer of molecules

A

Phospholipids

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7
Q

water-loving; having an affinity for water; capable of interacting with water through hydrogen bonding.

A

hydroPHILIC

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8
Q

insoluble in water; repelling water.

A

hydroPHOBIC

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9
Q

a WAXY FAT carried through the bloodstream by lipoproteins and gives added strength and stability by limiting the movement of phospholipids

A

Cholesterol

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10
Q

Float among the phospholipid molecules ad extend from the inner to outer surface of the cell membrane

A

Proteins

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11
Q

Glycolipids (lipids with a carbohydrate) - acts as surface receptors and stabilize the membrane and are common in brain cells and nerves.

A

Carbohydrates

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12
Q

completely penetrate or extend into the lipid bilayer; controls the entry and removal of specific molecules.

A

Integral proteins

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13
Q

What is loosely attached to the exterior surface of the membrane; have various functions?

A

Peripheral proteins

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14
Q

The largest organelle and located near the center of
the cell.

A

Nucleus

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15
Q

What is formed by the inner and outer
membrane of the nucleus where materials can move into or out of the nucleus.

A

Nuclear pores

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16
Q

“little nucleus”; diffuse bodies with no surrounding membrane found within the nucleus; forms ribosome subunits.

A

Nucleoli

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17
Q

The living material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane.

A

Cytoplasm

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18
Q

Fluid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds organelles.

A

Cytosol

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19
Q

Consist of protein structure that support the cell, hold organelles in place, and enable the cell to change shape.

A

Cytoskeleton

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20
Q

Small fibrils formed from protein subunits that
structurally support the cytoplasm.

A

Microfilaments

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21
Q

Fibrils formed from protein subunits that are SMALLER IN DIAMETER than microtubules but larger in diameter than microfilaments.

A

Intermediate Filaments

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22
Q

Largest and hollow structures formed from protein subunits.

A

Microtubules

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23
Q

Internal structures that perform functions essential to normal cell structure, maintenance, and metabolism; Also known as “little organs”

A

Organelles

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24
Q

The center of microtubule formation; Made of microtubules and facilitate chromosome movement during cell division.

A

Centrioles

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25
Q

“An eyelash”; Moves substances over the surface of the cell

A

Cilia

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26
Q

“A whip”; Whiplike locomotor organelle usually occur one cell; Much longer than cilia and propel the whole cell; Propel sperm cells

A

Flagella

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27
Q

“Small + Shaggy hair”; Minute finger-shaped projections of the cell membrane and abundant on the surface that line the intestine, kidneys and other areas in which absorption is an important function

A

Microvilli

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28
Q

Series of membrane that extends from the outer
nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm.

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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29
Q

Network of folded membranes connected to the membranous nuclear envelope surrounding the nucleus.

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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30
Q

Studded with ribosomes to synthesize proteins embedded in membranes.

A

Rough ER

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31
Q

No ribosomes attached; Involved in calcium regulation, lipid synthesis, and detoxification.

A

Smooth ER

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32
Q

Sites of protein synthesis; consists of small and large subunits of ribosomal RNA and protein

A

RIBOSOMES

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33
Q

SCATTERED throughout the cytoplasm and synthesize proteins used in the cytosol.

A

Free Ribosomes

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34
Q

ATTACHED to the ER and proteins where they are modified and packaged for export..

A

Fixed ribosomes

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35
Q

Stack of flattened membranous sacs (lysosomes) with tiny secretory vesicles.

A

GOLGI APPARATUS

36
Q

Functions to collect, modify, package, and distribute proteins and lipids.

A

GOLGI APPARATUS

37
Q

Powerhouse of the cell

A

MITOCHONDRIA

38
Q

Small, membrane bound sacs that transports or stores materials within cells.

A

SECRETORY VESICLES

39
Q

Formed from the GA; Membrane-bound vesicles containing intracellular digestive enzymes

40
Q

Small, membrane-bound vesicles similar to a
lysosome; Contain enzymes oxidases that can oxidize various organic substances.

A

PEROXISOMES

41
Q

Tunnel-like structures, similar to channel protein, and not bounded by membranes

A

PROTEASOMES

42
Q

__________composed of two major parts, solutes and the solvent.

43
Q

___________are substances that are being dissolved

44
Q

predominant liquid or gas that
dissolves the solute

45
Q

The measure of the amount of a sub-component (especially solute) in a solution

A

CONCENTRATION

46
Q

difference in concentration between two different areas, the ICF (Intracellular Fluid) and ECF (Extracellular fluid).

A

CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

47
Q

can transport variety of materials

47
Q

Cell membranes are __________ ___________, meaning that they allow some substances, but not others, to pass into or out of the cells.

A

selectively permeable

47
Q

does NOT require energy, as the substance moves across the concentration gradient. It moves from a high concentration to a low concentration.

A

PASSIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

48
Q

Movement of solute molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration in a solution.

49
Q

Is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, such as the cell
membrane, from a region of higher water concentration to one of lower water
concentration

50
Q

is the FORCE required to prevent the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

A

OSMOTIC PRESSURE

51
Q

concentration of various solutes and water are the same on both sides of the cell membrane

52
Q

has a LOWER concentration of solutes and higher
concentration of water than the cytoplasm of
the cell.

53
Q

has a HIGHER concentration of solutes and lower concentration of water than the cytoplasm of
the cell.

A

HYPERTONIC

53
Q

is a process when a cell swells enough and ruptures

54
Q

movement of fluid through partitions containing
small holes

A

FILTRATION

55
Q

forces water across a
membrane

A

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

56
Q

is a process that utilizes membrane proteins to
move substances across the cell membrane from regions of lower concentration to those of
higher concentration, against a concentration gradient

A

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

57
Q

the malfunction of active
transport leads to this genetic disorder that affects the active transport of Cl- into cells.

A

Cystic Fibrosis

58
Q

moves Na+ out of
cells and K into cells

A

Sodium Potassium pump

59
Q

involves the active transport of one substance, such as Na+, across the cell membrane,
establishing a concentration gradient, which then provides the energy for moving a second
substance across the membrane.

A

SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

60
Q

the diffusing substance moves
into the SAME DIRECTION as the transported
substance.

A

Cotransport

61
Q

the diffusing substance
moves in a direction OPPOSITE to that of the transported substance.

A

Countertransport

62
Q

refers to a cellular process
wherein large water-soluble molecules, which are typically resistant to transportation by carrier molecules, alongside small particles and complete cells, are conveyed across cellular membranes.

A

Vesicular Transport

63
Q

this transportation mechanism
primarily relies on specialized membrane-bound
sacs.

64
Q

involves cells taking in substances from outside
the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle derived from the cell membrane.

A

ENDOCYTOSIS

65
Q

is often used for endocytosis when solid particles are ingested.

A

PHAGOCYTOSIS (cell-eating)

66
Q

is distinguished from phagocytosis in that much
smaller vesicles are formed and they contain liquid rather than solid particles.

A

PINOCYTOSIS (cell-drinking)

67
Q

is the RELEASE of substances from the cell through the fusion of a vesicle with the cell
membrane.

A

EXOCYTOSIS

67
Q

is a form of endocytosis in which receptor
proteins on the cell surface are used to capture
a specific target molecule.

A

RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS

68
Q

is the process of creating protein molecules.

A

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

69
Q

is the process whereby
information stored in DNA directs protein
synthesis; includes the processes of
transcription and translation.

A

GENE-EXPRESSION

70
Q

sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes specific amino acids in a protein.

71
Q

During this process information stored in a region of the DNA is used to produce complementary RNA molecules, called messenger RNA (mRNA).

A

TRANSCRIPTION

72
Q

Is the synthesis of proteins based on the information in mRNA.

A

TRANSLATION

73
Q

covalent chemical bond between adjacent amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

A

PEPTIDE BOND

74
Q

is a sequence of amino
acids covalently linked by peptide bonds.

A

Polypeptide chain

75
Q

a series of events that takes place in a cell as it
grows and divides.

A

cell cycle

76
Q

Longer phase of cell cycle

A

INTERPHASE

77
Q

is the formation of daughter cells from single
parent cells.

A

CELL DIVISION

78
Q

True or False

each of our body cells except for reproductive cells contains diploid

79
Q

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes; Centrioles move to the opposite ends

80
Q

all the genetic material is condensing into chromosomes; chromatids alignment along the equator of the
cell called the equatorial plane.

81
Q

Shortest Phase; The centromeres divide, and the sister chromatids of each chromosome are pulled
apart.

81
Q

Chromosomal movement stops; chromosomes uncoil (chromatin)

82
Q

Division of the cell’s cytoplasm and organelles

A

CYTOKINESIS

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