non-mendelian inheritance- lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Mendelian inheritance

A
  • For every gene, there are two alleles
  • Of these two alleles, one allele is dominant to the other, which is recessive
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2
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

is a kind of non-Mendelian inheritance where, instead of two alleles
having a dominant and recessive relationship to each other, neither allele is dominant or
recessive. Instead of heterozygotes having the phenotype associated with one dominant allele,
they instead express an intermediate phenotype

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3
Q

Codominance

A

sounds pretty similar to incomplete dominance, and the two are easily confused
for each other. But whereas traditional dominance/recessiveness involves a dominant allele masking a recessive allele, and incomplete dominance involves the amount of protein being
made, codominance is about co-expression of two different phenotypes

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4
Q

Incomplete penetrance

A

Easily confused with incomplete dominance, since they both have the word “incomplete” right
there at the beginning, incomplete penetrance occurs when a phenotype associated with a
genotype does not always occur

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4
Q

Variable expressivity

A

Variable expressivity is actually quite different from incomplete penetrance. With variable
expressivity, it’s not about whether or not you express the phenotype associated with your
genotype–it’s about the degree to which you express a phenotype, or the ways that you
express it.

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5
Q

lethal alleles

A

will cause deviations from expected mendelian ratios

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6
Q

multiple alleles

A

provide a greater number of possible genotypes/phenotypes than just 2 alleles

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7
Q

multiple alleles example

A

human blood groups

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8
Q

complete vs codominance vs incomplete dominance

A

In complete dominance, only one allele in the genotype is seen in the phenotype. In codominance, both alleles in the genotype are seen in the phenotype. In incomplete dominance, a mixture of the alleles in the genotype is seen in the phenotype

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9
Q

complete dominance

A

Complete dominance is a condition wherein the dominant allele completely masks the effect of the recessive allele; consequently, both alleles must be recessive for the recessive allele to be expressed.

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10
Q

polygenic

A

many genes contribute to the expression of one trait (skin color, height)

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11
Q

pleoptropy

A

one gene has an effect on many traits (cystic fibrosis)

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11
Q

epistasis

A

Epistasis is a circumstance where the expression of one gene is modified (e.g., masked, inhibited or suppressed) by the expression of one or more other genes (genes work together)

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12
Q

epistasis problem

A
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13
Q

sex influenced traits

A

autosomal genes can be expressed differently in males and females

Sex-influenced traits are autosomal traits that are influenced by sex. If a male has one recessive allele, he will show that trait, but it will take two recessive for the female to show that same trait. One such gene is baldness

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14
Q

sex limited traits

A

Sex-limited traits are traits that are visible only within one sex. For instance, barred coloring in chickens normally is visible only in the roosters

15
Q

maternal genetic effect

A

In genetics, maternal effects occur when an organism shows the phenotype expected from the genotype of the mother, irrespective of its own genotype,

maternal genes whose products, RNA or protein, are produced or deposited in the oocyte or are present in the fertilized zygote

16
Q

name some characteristics of cytoplasmic inherited traits

A

not all genes are encoded in the nuclear chromosomes

17
Q

genetic imprinting

A

an allele is differentially expressed, depending on whether it is inherited from the male or female parent

18
Q

sex linked traits

A

Sex-linked, as related to genetics, refers to characteristics (or traits) that are influenced by genes carried on the sex chromosomes. In humans, the term often refers to traits or disorders influenced by genes on the X chromosome, as it contains many more genes than the smaller Y chromosome.

19
Q

maternal effect gene

A

mother supplies mrna or protein to the egg that is essential for development

20
Q

genetic maternal effect

A

direction of turning of shell
genotype says shell should turn toward the left because that is dominant but because the mother is ss and recessive, they turn to right because genotype of mother determines phenotype of offspring

21
Q

mitochondrial diseases

A

lhon

22
Q

mitochondrial replacement therapy

A
23
Q

environmental effects: temperature sensitive allele

A

allele whose product is functional only at certain temperatures

24
Q

environmental effects: maternal environment

A

environment of mother can influence offspring genotype