lecture 21: population genetics 1, hardy-weinberg Flashcards

1
Q

achondroplasia

A
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2
Q

what can frequencies of offspring in a family cross tell us

A

dominant vs recessive

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3
Q

what can frequencies of alleles/genotypes in a population tell us

A

rare and common

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4
Q

genetic studies: comparative genomics

A

studies of different species and how theyre related

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5
Q

genetic studies: mendelian genetics

A

studies of the offspring in one specific family (tells about dominant or recessive)

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6
Q

genetic studies: population genetics

A

studies of the members of a population in one specific species (tells about rare and common, and allele history)

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7
Q

criteria for a population at harvey weinberg equilibrium

A

allele frequencies not changing
genotype frequencies are product of random mating and not changing
(population is not evolving)

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8
Q

random mating

A

all members throwing their alleles into a hat, each genotype made by choosing 2 gametes at random

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8
Q

a population at hw equilibrium

A

allele frequencies not changing
genotype frequencies not changing after one generation of random mating

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9
Q

for hw equilibrium define the allele frequencies

A

p is frequency of more common allele, p is frequency of less common allele

p+q=1

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10
Q

how long does it take random mating to get to hw equilibrium

A

1 generation

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11
Q

hemizygous

A

a genotype consisting of only a single copy of a particular gene in an otherwise diploid organism

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11
Q

x linked recessive traits

A

affected females are homozygous, affected males are hemizygous

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12
Q

what can cause evolution

A

genetic drift
non random mating
mutation
migration
selection

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12
Q

genetic drift

A

the change in allele frequencies due to random chance in a finite population

hw assumes a population is infinitely large such that drift doesnt occur

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13
Q

extreme genetic drift occurs when you have:

A

continuously small
bottleneck
founder effect

14
Q

bottleneck

A

when the existing population gets much smaller (after a major catastrophe)

15
Q

founder effect

A

a type of bottleneck where a small group from the population begins a new population

16
Q

impact of genetic drift on populations

17
Q

negative assortative mating

A

when individuals favor those opposite to them (people mating with people that have different HLA types)

18
Q

positive assortative mating

A

when individuals favor those similar to them (deaf people are more likely to get with deaf people)

19
Q

inbreeding is one of the strongest forms of positive assortative mating

20
Q

impact of non random mating on populations

21
Q

mutation

A

change in the structure of dna to generate a new allele in the population

-like de novo mutation in position 380 that causes glycine instead of arginine in achondroplasia

22
impact of mutations on populations
22
migration/gene flow
transfer of alleles from one population to another
23
the impact of migration on population
24
selection
drives the increase prevalence of traits that enhance survival or reproductive success
25
different types of selection
natural vs artificial
26
lactose tolerance/persistence
27
impact of selection on population
28
how to solve a hw problem
29
hw step 0: null hypothesis
30
hw step 1: calculate allele frequencies
31
hw step 2: calculate expected genotype
32
hw step 3: calculate chi squared
33
hw step 3 part 2: degrees of freedom
34
hw step 4: find p value
35
hw step 5: interpret p value