lecture 21: population genetics 1, hardy-weinberg Flashcards

1
Q

achondroplasia

A
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2
Q

what can frequencies of offspring in a family cross tell us

A

dominant vs recessive

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3
Q

what can frequencies of alleles/genotypes in a population tell us

A

rare and common

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4
Q

genetic studies: comparative genomics

A

studies of different species and how theyre related

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5
Q

genetic studies: mendelian genetics

A

studies of the offspring in one specific family (tells about dominant or recessive)

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6
Q

genetic studies: population genetics

A

studies of the members of a population in one specific species (tells about rare and common, and allele history)

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7
Q

criteria for a population at harvey weinberg equilibrium

A

allele frequencies not changing
genotype frequencies are product of random mating and not changing
(population is not evolving)

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8
Q

random mating

A

all members throwing their alleles into a hat, each genotype made by choosing 2 gametes at random

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8
Q

a population at hw equilibrium

A

allele frequencies not changing
genotype frequencies not changing after one generation of random mating

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9
Q

for hw equilibrium define the allele frequencies

A

p is frequency of more common allele, p is frequency of less common allele

p+q=1

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10
Q

how long does it take random mating to get to hw equilibrium

A

1 generation

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11
Q

hemizygous

A

a genotype consisting of only a single copy of a particular gene in an otherwise diploid organism

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11
Q

x linked recessive traits

A

affected females are homozygous, affected males are hemizygous

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12
Q

what can cause evolution

A

genetic drift
non random mating
mutation
migration
selection

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12
Q

genetic drift

A

the change in allele frequencies due to random chance in a finite population

hw assumes a population is infinitely large such that drift doesnt occur

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13
Q

extreme genetic drift occurs when you have:

A

continuously small
bottleneck
founder effect

14
Q

bottleneck

A

when the existing population gets much smaller (after a major catastrophe)

15
Q

founder effect

A

a type of bottleneck where a small group from the population begins a new population

16
Q

impact of genetic drift on populations

A
17
Q

negative assortative mating

A

when individuals favor those opposite to them (people mating with people that have different HLA types)

18
Q

positive assortative mating

A

when individuals favor those similar to them (deaf people are more likely to get with deaf people)

19
Q

inbreeding is one of the strongest forms of positive assortative mating

A
20
Q

impact of non random mating on populations

A
21
Q

mutation

A

change in the structure of dna to generate a new allele in the population

-like de novo mutation in position 380 that causes glycine instead of arginine in achondroplasia

22
Q

impact of mutations on populations

A
22
Q

migration/gene flow

A

transfer of alleles from one population to another

23
Q

the impact of migration on population

A
24
Q

selection

A

drives the increase prevalence of traits that enhance survival or reproductive success

25
Q

different types of selection

A

natural vs artificial

26
Q

lactose tolerance/persistence

A
27
Q

impact of selection on population

A
28
Q

how to solve a hw problem

A
29
Q

hw step 0: null hypothesis

A
30
Q

hw step 1: calculate allele frequencies

A
31
Q

hw step 2: calculate expected genotype

A
32
Q

hw step 3: calculate chi squared

A
33
Q

hw step 3 part 2: degrees of freedom

A
34
Q

hw step 4: find p value

A
35
Q

hw step 5: interpret p value

A