Non-communicable Diseases Flashcards
1
Q
Patients who are eligible for dialysis
A
- <55 years (normal)
- <50 years if diabetic
- candidate for transplant
2
Q
Effects of hypertension
A
- stroke
- LVH
- RF
- retinal hypertension
3
Q
Lifestyle modifications
A
- decrease sodium
- smoking
- alcohol
- stress
- exercise
- beware of hidden fats
4
Q
Why do diabetics struggle to lose weight?
A
If their insulin levels are too high, they put on weight because insulin is anabolic
- cant break down fat
- must decrease carbs
5
Q
Substances that increase BP
A
- sympathomimetics
- caffeine
- NSAIDS
- prednisone
- salt
- liquorice
6
Q
Classes used in hypertension treatment
A
- ACE-I
- BB
- CCBs
- diuretics
7
Q
Rules when giving ACE-I to a patient with renal impairment
A
- start low
- monitor GFR by calculating Cr-clearance
- monitor potassium levels (less aldosterone, less K secretion)
8
Q
Side effects of ACE-I
A
- cough
- angioedema
- postural hypotension
9
Q
Problems with using BB for hypertension
A
- doesn’t work as well at decreasing MAP
- can cause insulin resistance
- when given with thiazides, corticosteroids or neuroleptics, impaired glucose tolerance is worse
10
Q
Pros for using CCBs for hypertension
A
- little monitoring needed
- no elecrolyte disturbances
- few adverse events
11
Q
2 main types of CCBs
A
- dihydropyridines (nefedipine, amlodipine)
- non-dihydropyridines (verapamil)
12
Q
Problem with verapamil
A
- vasodilates, but causes bradycardia
- patient must have a myocardium that can contract
- good for asthmatics
13
Q
Effect of nefedipine
A
- mainly causes peripheral vasodilatation, with little effect on heart contraction
14
Q
MOA of thiazide diuretics
A
- inhibit Na-Cl channels in the DCT
- increase sodium and water loss and vasoldilatation
15
Q
Side effects of thiazide diuretics
A
- increased urination
- electrolyte abnormalities (hypokalaemia, hypernatraemia - give low doses)
- impaired glucose tolerance
- hyperuricaemia
