NON-BLOOD SPECIMENS URINE AND STOOL

Question 1

are two out of the three most
common specimens [third is the blood]; most
common to encounter during internship or work

Answer 1

urine and stool

Question 2

are non-invasively collected; you
don’t need to insert something to collect

Answer 2

urine and stool

Question 3

The second characteristic of the two is that these
specimens are not collected by the medical
technologists themselves; collected by patients or
other healthcare practitioner

Answer 3

urine and stool

Question 4

is the test used for urine

Answer 4

URINALYSIS

Question 5

is a good indicator of gastrointestinal health; _______ is being produced by the large intestines

Answer 5

stool

Question 6

(t or f)

Testing of urine with procedures commonly
performed in an expeditious (fast), reliable, safe,
and cost-effective manner (lot of earnings)

Answer 6

true

Question 7

• Disease diagnosis [it tells you how the kidneys
  are working; diagnostic test]
• Screening asymptomatic populations for
  undetected disorders [drug use: physical
  manifestations or symptoms, urinalysis can
  detect it]
• Monitoring progress of disease and
  effectiveness of therapy [therapeutic drug
  monitoring]

Answer 7

Reasons for Urinalysis

Question 8

• Ultrafiltrate of Plasma [plasma is the liquid
  portion of the blood]
• Formed at kidneys [filtering of blood]
• Average daily output is 1200mL-1500mL
• As blood passes through the kidneys, plasma is
  being filtered by the glomerulus and proximal
  convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule,
  loop of henle, and collecting tubes until urine is
  formed

Answer 8

Urine Formation

Question 9

– 1200-1500mL (600-2000mL
also considered normal) [depends on the kinds of
fluids we take, and not just how much fluid we take]

Answer 9

Normal Daily Output

Question 10

[few] – decreased urine output: 400mL/day
(adults); occurs at excessive water loss
[dehydration, patient is a burn victim, diarrhea,
vomiting]

Answer 10

Oliguria

Question 11

[an: absence] – cessation of urine flow;
suggests severe kidney damage [urine cannot
pass/flow out of the body]

Answer 11

Anuria

Question 12

increased excretion of urine during the
night [normal body functions dictate that we will
urinate 2-3x more during the day, and_______ is
the other way around]

Answer 12

Nocturia

Question 13

– increased urine output:
>2.5L/day (adults) [marker for diabetes insipidus
and diabetes mellitus]

Answer 13

Polyuria

Question 14

is normally 95% water and 5% solutes
(organic and inorganic)

Other 2.9% would include carbohydrates,
excess carbohydrates, excess fatty acids, excess
enzymes, and excess hormones

Answer 14

Urine

Question 15

(t or f)
If higher than normal, it may manifest as
crystalline structures

Answer 15

true

Question 16

any urine specimen that the patient has
collected at any time of the day; no diet or fluid
restriction; good enough for routine screening

Answer 16

Random Urine

Question 17

• because it is more concentrated [many
  metabolites and analytes];
• better for routine screening

MOST PREFERRED

Answer 17

First Morning

Question 18

24 OUR SPECIMEN

• patients are given large container with
  preservative [for urine output count]
• container is stored at 2-8 degrees Celsius

Answer 18

For quantitative measurements

Question 19

• commonly done on pediatrics or for patients that
have difficulty urinating;
• needle is introduced through abdomen into bladder
- most invasive
- advantage: urine specimen that you get is the
most sterile; can be used in microbiology

Answer 19

SUPRAPUBIC ASPIRATION

Question 20

• collected under sterile conditions by passing a
sterile hollow tube through the urethra into the
bladder

Answer 20

CATHETERIZED

Question 21

• alternative to catheterized specimens; less
traumatic
• less contaminated by epithelial cells and bacteria
- pangkalagitnaang buhos ng ihi ang ic-collect

Answer 21

MIDSTREAM CLEAN-CATCH

Question 22

is the most vulnerable part of
Drug Testing

Answer 22

Sample collection

Question 23

(t or f)

• Phlebotomist must ensure that no tampering of the
specimen was done by the patient

Answer 23

true

Question 24

Types of tampering:
adding other chemical to the
urine specimen that will affect test results later
on; most common chemical used is bleach

Answer 24

Adulteration

Question 25

Types of tampering: use another urine sample]

Answer 25

Substitution

Question 26

Types of tampering:
patient is adding water to the
specimen to reduce the concentration and
make the drug contents of his output low
enough to be detected]

Answer 26

Dilution

Question 27

documentation of sample
handling
- Must be properly documented

Answer 27

Chain of Custody

Question 28

(t or f)

• May be “witnessed” or “unwitnessed”
• If witnessed, a same-gender collector will observe
the collection

Answer 28

true

Question 29

(t or f)

• 30-45mL of urine is collected
• Temperature, pH, color, and specific gravity of urine
will be tested immediately
- Ideal Temp (32.5-37.7 C)

Answer 29

true

Question 30

Urine pH of greater than 9 suggests

Answer 30

adulteration

Question 31

Specific gravity less than 1.005 suggests

Answer 31

dilution

Question 32

should be delivered and tested within 2
hours [recollection if not tested within 2 hrs or
preservation]

Answer 32

Specimen

Question 33

Helpful in evaluation of gastrointestinal disorders
• Evaluated for the presence of intestinal parasites
and their eggs (ova and parasites, or O&P)

Answer 33

FECES (STOOL)

Question 34

• Fat and urobilinogen content
• Cultured to detect the presence of pathogenic
bacteria (e.g. C. difficile and Salmonella) and viruses

Answer 34

FECES (STOOL)

Question 35

• Tested for the presence of occult (hidden) blood
using guaiac test
• Kits containing reagent-impregnated filter paper are
provided to screen for the presence of occult
(hidden) blood
- The patient is usually instructed to follow a
meat-free diet for 3 days prior to the test
- Patients are then instructed to collect separate
specimens for 3 successive days

Answer 35

FECES (STOOL)