HEMATOLOGY Flashcards
• Study of the formed (cellular) elements of the blood
• Hematology Section
- Cellular elements, red blood cells (RBCs)O,
white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets (Plts)
[can have further studying in the coagulation
section] are enumerated and classified in all
body fluids and in the bone marrow
- The MLT or MLS can detect disorders such as
leukemia, anemia, other blood diseases, and
infection and monitor their treatment
HEMATOLOGY
SAMPLE COLLECTION AND HANDLING
WHOLE BLOOD
BLOOD
• Most common body fluid analyzed in the
hematology section
• A mixture of cells and plasma
• Obtained by using a collection tube with an
anticoagulant to prevent clotting of the sample
[EDTA tube]
WHOLE BLOOD
• The body’s main fluid for transporting nutrients,
waste products, gases, and hormones through the
circulatory system
• Average blood volume for adults: 5-6 liters
BLOOD
is analyzed in the form of whole blood, plasma, or serum
Blood
– liquid portion of anticoagulated blood
- Contains the protein fibrinogen
Plasma
– liquid portion of clotted blood
- Fibrinogen in serum has already been used in
the clotting of blood
Serum
– comprises approximately 55% of the total blood volume; clear straw-colored fluid that is about 91% water and 9% dissolved substances
Plasma
• Red blood cells
• Are anucleate biconcave disks that are
approximately 7.2 microns in diameter
• Erythrocytes contain the protein hemoglobin to
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
• Life span: 120 days
ERYTHROCYTES
- Donut-shaped wherein the outer portion of the
cell will be prominent in color and the middle
one will likely be stained or have less color
ERYTHROCYTES
• White blood cells
• Provide immunity to certain diseases by producing
antibodies and destroying harmful pathogens by
phagocytosis
• Normal number: 4,500 to 11,000 per microliter of
blood
LEUKOCYTES
determines the number of all WBC present in the blood
White blood cell count
determines the percentage of each type of leukocyte
Differential cell count
• The most numerous leukocytes
(40-60%)
• Provide protection against infection through
phagocytosis
NEUTROPHILS
• Called “segmented” or “polymorphonuclear cells”
- Nuclei of the neutrophils has 3-5 segments
• Increases in bacterial infection
NEUTROPHILS
• The second most numerous leukocytes (20-40%)
• Provide the body with immune capability by means
of B and T lymphocytes - B-lymphocytes
[antibodies]; T-lymphocytes [active search and
destroy of antigens]
LYMPHOCYTES
• Has a large round purple nucleus with a rim of sky
blue cytoplasm
• The number of lymphocytes increases in viral
infections [dengue, measles, and common cold]
LYMPHOCYTES
• 3-8%
• Largest circulating leukocytes
• Act as a powerful phagocytes to digest foreign
material
MONOCYTES
• The cytoplasm has a fine blue-gray appearance with vacuoles and a large, irregular nucleus
- Not as rounded as the other leukocytes
- Cannot mistake it from the others because of its
size
• A tissue monocyte is known as a macrophage
• The number of monocytes increases in intracellular
infections and tuberculosis
MONOCYTES
• 1-3%
• Red orange granules, and the nucleus has only
two lobes [bilobes]
• Detoxify foreign proteins and increase in allergies, skin infections, and parasitic infections
EOSINOPHILS
• 0-1%
• Least common of the leukocytes
• The cytoplasm contains large granules that stain
purple-black
• Release histamine in the inflammation process
and heparin to prevent abnormal blood clotting
BASOPHILS
• Platelets
• Small, irregularly shaped disks formed from the
cytoplasm of very large cells in the bone marrow called the megakaryocytes
[largest cell in the bone marrow]
• Life span: 9-12 days
THROMBOCYTES
• Average number: between 140,000 and 440,000 per
microliter of blood
• Play a vital role in blood clotting in all stages of the
coagulation mechanism
THROMBOCYTES
• The primary analysis performed in the hematology
section
• Very often it is ordered on a STAT basis
• Series of different tests
COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT (CBC)
Sometimes a part of the hematology section, but in
larger laboratories, it is a separate section
- Tests here is not as open as the hematology
section
COAGULATION SECTION
Specimen: __________from light blue stopper tubes
(Sodium citrate)
plasma
The overall process of hemostasis is evaluated; this
includes:
- Platelets
- Coagulation factors
- Inhibitors
- Blood vessels
- Fibrinolysis
- Anticoagulant therapy (heparin and Coumadin)
Needed for the microscopic of blood cells that is
performed for the differential blood cell count, for
special staining procedures, and for nonautomated
reticulocyte counts
Blood Smears
Blood Smears
Obtained by:
- Dermal puncture
- Venipuncture: EDTA (within 1 hour of
collection)
Smooth film of blood that covers approximately one-half to two thirds of the slide
BLOOD SMEAR
• Does not contain ridges or holes
• Has a lightly feathered edge without streaks
[ends]
BLOOD SMEAR
