IMMUNOLOGY, SEROLOGY, AND BLOOD BANKING Flashcards
study of immune system (prevents
the establishment if infection in the body)
IMMUNOLOGY
Study of molecules, cells, tissue, organs, and
systems whose function is to recognize and dispose
harmful substances or foreign substances
• Study of desirable and undesirable consequences of
the immune system
IMMUNOLOGY
study of antigen-antibody reactions
• Study of non-cellular component of the blood called
SERUM
SEROLOGY
Samples used in serological test:
- Serum – most commonly used
- CSF
- Urine
- Stool
Also known as FOREIGN SUBSTANCES
• Stimulate the immune system [once it has entered
the body]
ANTIGEN
• Substances that induce or elicit an immune
response
• Substances that induce or elicit the production of
antibodies
ANTIGEN
Also knowns as IMMUNOGLOBULINS
ANTIBODIES
• One of the major substances produced by the
immune system that will block harmful antigen
o Find a specific antigen, bind to it, and then
destroy it
ANTIBODIES
ANTIBODIES Functions
- Cell toxicity [destroy infectious agent]
- Neutralization
- Opsonization
- Antigens involved are particulate
- Clumping of reactants in serological test
Agglutination
- Antigens involved are soluble antigens
- Liquid form or formation of sediments in the
mixture
Precipitation
OVERVIEW OF SEROLOGICAL TEST
Agglutination and Precipitation
DIFFERENT SEROLOGICAL TESTS
VDRL – VENEREAL DISEASE RESEARCH LABORATORY TESTING
ELISA – ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY
RAPID PLASMA REAGIN
FLUORESCENT IMMUNOASSAY
• Only use for screening for syphilis, uses heated
serum
• Principle; flocculation
VDRL – VENEREAL DISEASE RESEARCH
LABORATORY TEST
• Also known as Enzyme immunoassay
• Measures enzymatic reactions
• Uses enzymes as labels
o These are produced enzymes that are
manufactured reagents to create color
reaction
o They are more specific than regular
serological tests but more prone to
contamination.
ELISA – ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSA
ELISA – ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSA
Enzyme labels:
- Highly stable
- Extreme specificity
- Cannot be altered inhibitors
• Only use for screening for syphilis, uses unheated
serum
• Principle: flocculation
RAPID PLASMA REAGIN
• Uses fluorescent compounds known as
fluorophores or fluorochrome as labels
FLUORESCENT IMMUNOASSAY
• Uses radioactive substances as label
RADIOIMMUNOASSAY
IMMUNITY
NATURAL IMMUNITY and ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
• The condition of being resistant to infection
• The recognition of foreign substances and
subsequent production of antibodies to these
substances
IMMUNITY
• Can be classified as either innate or acquired
- Innate or natural immunity
- Acquired or adaptive immunity
IMMUNITY
• Innate or non-adaptive or non-specific
• Ability of an individual to resist infections by means
of normally present body functions
- Without the aid of vaccination, medications,
etc.
- White blood cells, proteins that have natural
immunity, skin.
• Present at birth
NATURAL IMMUNITY
type of ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
Adaptive or specific
a reaction resulting from
invasion of foreign substances
- Results from surviving an infection from a
foreign substance
Adaptive or specific
types of Adaptive or specific
Active and passive
types of active
Natural Active and Artificial Active
(the source of that is an infection; being exposed
then immune)
Natural Active
(vaccine) - This is when the body is involved in producing antibodies
Artificial Active
(mother’s breastmilk: maternal source)
Natural Passive
(commercially prepared; medical-grade; blood donation)
- The body is supplied with antibodies; the body
is given an already-made antibody (from an outside source)
Artificial Passive
• Refers to the collection, processing, typing and
storage of whole blood and other blood products
• Also known as Immunohematology
BLOOD BANKING
• Study of immunologic principles applied in blood
group specific antigen and antibodies
• It also deals with mechanism of blood typing and
crossmatching, detection and measurement of
antibody titers, screening of donors for blood
donation, bleeding techniques, proper labeling,
storing and disposal of blood emphasis on quality
assurance
BLOOD BANKING
types of blood typing
Forward or Direct Typing and Reverse or Back Typing
- Detection of antigens on patients RBC using
known commercial anti-sera
Forward or Direct Typing
- Detection of antibodies in serum of patient with
known commercial RBCs suspension - To check if the blood type of the forward is correct
Reverse or Back Typing
• Purpose:
- Ensure the safety of the donor
o If he is safe and capable to donate
450mL of blood
o If he is ready to donate blood
- Ensure the safety of the recipient
o Ensuring that the donor is free from
infection that can be transmitted to
recipient
BLOOD DONOR SCREENING
FOUR TYPES OF BLOOD DONATION
Allogenic Donation
Apheresis Donation
Autologous Donation
Directed Donation
SIX STEPS IN DONOR SCREENING AND
COLLECTION
• Registration
• Health or Medical history
• Physical examination
• Phlebotomy [like venipuncture; testing the blood
for any blood-borne disease]
• Post-donation care
• Serological Testing of donor’s blood
vital information must contain:
- Name
- Address
- Telephone number
- Date and Time of collection
- Gender and Birthdate
- Age
– average amount of blood to be transfused
450 mL
average volume of blood in the body
5-6L
the fluid loss can be replenish
4 days
the iron loss can be replenish
56 days
replace or produce or to take the lifespan of red blood cell
120 days
You must verify the donor’s identity by asking
for ___________
VALID ID
5 types of PHYSICAL EXAMINATION in blood transfusions
Weight, Temperature, Blood Pressure, Pulse Rate, Hemoglobin and Hematocrit
- Minimum weight requirement
50kgs/110lbs
There should be __________to be donated
10.5 mL/kg
- Maximum amount of blood for blood bag is
525mL
Anticoagulant present is
63mL
Required temperature is
not >37° or 99.5°F
Blood Pressure
not <180mmHg
Systole
blood pressure
not <100mmHg
Diastole
- Use the index finger or the middle finger or
both - Count in 1 full minute
Pulse Rate
Pulse Rate Normal Value
50-100 or 60-100bpm
is the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood;
Hemoglobin
the volume of RBC
Hematocrit
Standard Method:
cyanmethemoglobin
Screening Test
Copper Sulfate Solution
(t or f)
- If the blood SINK within 15 seconds: >12.5g/dL
(ACCEPT) - If the blood FLOAT within 15 seconds: <12.5g/dL
(DEFER)
true
COMPONENT PREPARATION AND THERAPY
Whole Blood
Components
Closed System
Open System
blood collected before separation into components
Whole Blood
parts of whole blood that are separated
Components
a sterile system of blood collection
Closed System
when the collection is exposed to air, decreasing expiration date
Open System
- Fresh whole blood cells
- Stored: 1-6°C
- Transport: 1-10°C (place inside the ice box)
Whole Blood
- Stored: 1-6°C
- Transport: 1-10°C (place inside the ice box)
Red Blood Cells
- Stored 20-24°C (room temperature with
constant agitation) - Important to have this constant agitation so
that the platelets will not clump
Platelets
(plasma that is freshly separated from whole blood)
- Stored: 1-6°C
- Transfused within 24 hours
Fresh Frozen Plasma
- Stores: -18°C for 1 year
Cryoprecipitate
- Stored: -18°C
Plasma and Liquid Plasma
• 2 methods:
- Intermittent: 1 Vein
- Continuous: 2 Veins
• Anticoagulant: Heparin
• Advantages:
- Large volume of blood
- Removal of unwanted substances
APHERESIS
• Collection of platelets by apheresis while returning
the RBCs, WBCs, and component plasma
PLATELET APHERESIS
• Removal of PMNs, basophils, eosinophils for
transfusion into patients whole PMNs are
ineffective or where traditional therapy has failed
LEUKAPHERESIS
• Collection of blood plasma by apheresis while
returning the RBCs, WBCs, and platelet
PLASMAPHERESIS
