Nomenclature Flashcards
What are the naming steps?
- Identify the longest carbon chain containing the highest-order functional group
- Number the chain - carbon #1 will be closest to the highest-priority functional group. If the functional groups have same priority, the chain should make the numbers of the substituted “more oxidized, higher priority”
- Name the Substituents - name placed at beginning as prefix followed by longest chain
- Assign a number to each substituent
- Complete the name
What are heteroatoms?
atoms that are not carbon or hydrogen
What are substituents?
functional groups that are not part of the parent chain
What is an alkane?
simple hydrocarbon molecules that’s just a carbon with hydrogens, formula CnH(2n+2) - only single bonds
What is an alkene?
a carbon hydrogen chain with a double bond
What is an alkyne?
a carbon hydrogen chain with a triple bond
What is an alcohol?
A hydroxyl group (OH) that is attached to saturated carbons. Use suffix -ol
What are diols?
Alcohols with two hydroxyl groups, use suffix -diol
What are the types of diols are there?
Geminal diols/hydrates - -OH on same carbon
Vicinal diols - -OH on adjacent carbons
What is a carbonyl group?
C=O
What are aldehydes?
have carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain, replace ending with -al
R - C=O-H
What are ketones?
carbonyl group somewhere in the middle of the chain
R-C=O-R
suffix is -one
What is carboxylic acid?
a molecule that contains carbonyl and hydroxyl group
-use -oic suffix
What is an ester?
R-C=O-R
-OR = alkoxy group
suffix = -oate
What is an amide?
hydroxyl group of carboxylic acid replaced by amino group
suffix = -amide
