Aldehydes and Ketones Flashcards
What is the common name for methanal?
formaldehyde
What is the common name for ethanal?
acetaldehyde
What is the common name for proponal?
propionaldehyde
What is the common name for butanal?
butyraldehyde
What is the common name for pentanal?
valeraldehyde
What is the suffix for ketones?
-one
What does the suffix -oxo mean?
when aldehydes are named as substituents
What is the suffix for an aldehyde is attached to a ring?
-carbaldehyde
What is used to denote that ketones are substituents?
-oxo or -keto
How is an aldehyde formed?
reacting a primary alcohol with PCC
How is a ketone formed?
reacting a secondary alcohol with PCC, CrO3, or dichromate salts
What is an imine?
a nitrogen double bonded to a carbon
Is HCN a electrophile or a nucleophile?
nucleophile
What is a cyanohydrin?
contains a C triple bonded N group and an -OH group
What happens when aldehyde or ketone is reacted with one equivalent of alcohol?
hemiacetal/hemiketal
What happens when aldehyde or ketone is reacted with two equivalents of alcohol?
acetal/ketal
What happens when reacting aldehydes/ketones with nitrogen/nitrogen groups?
condensation reaction formed imine
What are four reagents that will convert an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid?
potassium permanganate (KMnO4) chromium trioxide (CrO3) silver(I) oxide (Ag2O) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
What are reagents that reduce aldehydes/ketones to alcohols?
lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4) sodium borohydride (NaBH4)
What will oxidizing an aldehyde do?
turn it into a carboxylic acid
What is alpha carbon?
the carbon adjacent to the carbonyl carbon
What is alpha hydrogens?
hydrogens connected to alpha-carbons
What is a carbocation?
molecule with negatively charged cation atom
Which is more reactive, aldehydes or ketones, and why?
aldehydes bc less steric hindrance
Which is more reactive, aldehydes or ketones, and why?
aldehydes because less steric hindrance
What is an enol?
a carbon carbon double bond and an alcohol
What is enolization?
process of interconverted from the keto to the enol tautomer
Name three strong bases
hydroxide ion, lithium diisopropyl amide (LDA), potassium hydride (KH)
Enols are tautomers of ______.
carbonyls
Enamines are tautomers of ______.
imines
Thermodynamic enolates are favored in what conditions?
high temps, slow and reversible reactions
Kinetic enolates are favored in what conditions?
low temps, fast and irreversible reactions
The kinetic enolate has a double bond on the _____ substituted carbon.
less
The thermodynamic enolate has a double bond on the _____ substituted carbon.
more
What are tautomers?
isomers that can be interconverted by the movement of a hydrogen and a double bond
Which tautomer is thermodynamically favored: keto or enol?
keto
What is an aldol?
contains both aldehyde and alcohol functional group
What do you need for a retro-aldol reaction?
aqueous base and heat
What is a nucleophilic-electrophilic reaction?
the nucleophile pushes an electron pair to form a bond with an electrophile
