Aldehydes and Ketones

Question 1

What is the common name for methanal?

Answer 1

formaldehyde

Question 2

What is the common name for ethanal?

Answer 2

acetaldehyde

Question 3

What is the common name for proponal?

Answer 3

propionaldehyde

Question 4

What is the common name for butanal?

Answer 4

butyraldehyde

Question 5

What is the common name for pentanal?

Answer 5

valeraldehyde

Question 6

What is the suffix for ketones?

Answer 6

-one

Question 7

What does the suffix -oxo mean?

Answer 7

when aldehydes are named as substituents

Question 8

What is the suffix for an aldehyde is attached to a ring?

Answer 8

-carbaldehyde

Question 9

What is used to denote that ketones are substituents?

Answer 9

-oxo or -keto

Question 10

How is an aldehyde formed?

Answer 10

reacting a primary alcohol with PCC

Question 11

How is a ketone formed?

Answer 11

reacting a secondary alcohol with PCC, CrO3, or dichromate salts

Question 12

What is an imine?

Answer 12

a nitrogen double bonded to a carbon

Question 13

Is HCN a electrophile or a nucleophile?

Answer 13

nucleophile

Question 14

What is a cyanohydrin?

Answer 14

contains a C triple bonded N group and an -OH group

Question 15

What happens when aldehyde or ketone is reacted with one equivalent of alcohol?

Answer 15

hemiacetal/hemiketal

Question 16

What happens when aldehyde or ketone is reacted with two equivalents of alcohol?

Answer 16

acetal/ketal

Question 17

What happens when reacting aldehydes/ketones with nitrogen/nitrogen groups?

Answer 17

condensation reaction formed imine

Question 18

What are four reagents that will convert an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid?

Answer 18

potassium permanganate (KMnO4)
chromium trioxide (CrO3)
silver(I) oxide (Ag2O)
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

Question 19

What are reagents that reduce aldehydes/ketones to alcohols?

Answer 19

lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH4)
sodium borohydride (NaBH4)

Question 20

What will oxidizing an aldehyde do?

Answer 20

turn it into a carboxylic acid

Question 21

What is alpha carbon?

Answer 21

the carbon adjacent to the carbonyl carbon

Question 22

What is alpha hydrogens?

Answer 22

hydrogens connected to alpha-carbons

Question 23

What is a carbocation?

Answer 23

molecule with negatively charged cation atom

Question 24

Which is more reactive, aldehydes or ketones, and why?

Answer 24

aldehydes bc less steric hindrance

Question 25

Which is more reactive, aldehydes or ketones, and why?

Answer 25

aldehydes because less steric hindrance

Question 26

What is an enol?

Answer 26

a carbon carbon double bond and an alcohol

Question 27

What is enolization?

Answer 27

process of interconverted from the keto to the enol tautomer

Question 28

Name three strong bases

Answer 28

hydroxide ion, lithium diisopropyl amide (LDA), potassium hydride (KH)

Question 29

Enols are tautomers of ______.

Answer 29

carbonyls

Question 30

Enamines are tautomers of ______.

Answer 30

imines

Question 31

Thermodynamic enolates are favored in what conditions?

Answer 31

high temps, slow and reversible reactions

Question 32

Kinetic enolates are favored in what conditions?

Answer 32

low temps, fast and irreversible reactions

Question 33

The kinetic enolate has a double bond on the _____ substituted carbon.

Answer 33

less

Question 34

The thermodynamic enolate has a double bond on the _____ substituted carbon.

Answer 34

more

Question 35

What are tautomers?

Answer 35

isomers that can be interconverted by the movement of a hydrogen and a double bond

Question 36

Which tautomer is thermodynamically favored: keto or enol?

Answer 36

keto

Question 37

What is an aldol?

Answer 37

contains both aldehyde and alcohol functional group

Question 38

What do you need for a retro-aldol reaction?

Answer 38

aqueous base and heat

Question 39

What is a nucleophilic-electrophilic reaction?

Answer 39

the nucleophile pushes an electron pair to form a bond with an electrophile