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Systematics > Nomenclature > Flashcards

Nomenclature Flashcards

1
Q

What’s in a name?

A
  • Identity/Descriptor
  • Scientific name
  • Common name
  • Scientific name vs. common names
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2
Q
  • easier to pronounce and remember than scientific names.
  • usually descriptive of the plant
A

common names

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3
Q

Problems with common names

A
  • there are over 250,000 species of vascular plants and only a small percentage have common names;
  • the same name is often used for different plants;
  • common names are always in the local language, which prevents communication of plant identities between users of different languages;
  • there is no formal process for the application of common names
  • it is usually not possible to determine when a common name was first used and the identity of the plant or plants to which it was applied;
  • the same plant may have different common names in different regions.
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4
Q

The advancement of our knowledge is dependent
upon the communication of ___.

A

accurate information

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5
Q

Information about a particular species is useless
if we cannot communicate first its ____

A

identity

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6
Q

Beginnings of nomenclature (Pre-Linnaean)

A

De Candolle and Bauhin Brothers

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7
Q

Beginnings of nomenclature (Linnaean Era)

A
  • Carolus Linnaeus
    Species names have three components:
    (1) the genus name;
    (2) the specific epithet; and
    (3) the authority or individual(s) responsible for the name.
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8
Q

Basic rules of nomenclature

A
  • Components 1 and 2 are either italicized or underlined.
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9
Q

Since the time of ____, the system of nomenclature has become more formalized and codified.

A

Linnaeus

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10
Q

ICBN meaning

A

The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature

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11
Q

ICN meaning

A

International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and Plants

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12
Q

provide a uniform set of rules to be followed in applying names to plants.

A

nternational Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and Plants (ICN)

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13
Q

The rules contained in the ICN are revised during the _____, which are held ______.

A

International Botanical Congresses; every six years

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14
Q

ICZN meaning

A

Internation Code of Zoological Nomenclature

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15
Q

being the report of a committee for the consideration of the subject appointed by the British Association for the advancement of science in 1846

A

Series of propositions for rendering the nomenclature of zoology uniform and permanent (Hugh Strictland, 1842)

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16
Q

it became clear that there was a need for a formal international agreement to be made for rules to cover all zoological names, irrespective of which bodies or disciplines required to use them and applicable to both ___

A

fossil and extant animals.

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17
Q

naming of taxa and the application of taxon names within a phylogenetic context

A

PhyloCode

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18
Q

a set of principles, rules, and recommendations governing phylogenetic nomenclature, a system for naming taxa by explicit reference to phylogeny.

A

PhyloCode

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19
Q

How many principles are there in ICN

A

6 principles

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20
Q

Principle I of ICN (Independence Principle)

A

The nomenclature of algae, fungi, and plants is INDEPENDENT of zoological and prokaryotic nomenclature. This Code applies equally to names of taxonomic groups treated as algae, fungi, or
plants, whether or not these groups were originally so treated.

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21
Q

form the basis of the system of
nomenclature governed by this Code.

A

principles

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22
Q

aims at the provision of a stable method of naming taxonomic groups, avoiding and rejecting the use of names that may cause error or ambiguity or throw science into confusion.

A

International Code of Nomenclature of Algae, Fungi, and Plants

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23
Q

What organisms are covered in the code of ICN?

A

Algae, Fungi, and Plants

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24
Q

Principle II of ICN

A

The application of names of taxonomic groups is determined by means of NOMENCLATURAL TYPES.

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25
Q

Principle III of ICN

A

The nomenclature of a taxonomic group is based upon PRIORITY OF PUBLICATION. (Principle of Priority)

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26
Q

In the components of the scientific name, what is not italicized/underlined?

A

Author

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27
Q

What proposal did Charles Darwin support?

A

ICZN

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28
Q

PRINCIPLE IV of ICN

A

Each taxonomic group with a particular circumscription, position, and rank can bear only ONE CORRECT NAME, the earliest that is in accordance with the rules, except in specified cases.

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29
Q

PRINCIPLE V of ICN

A

Scientific names of taxonomic groups are treated as LATIN regardless of their derivation.

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30
Q

PRINCIPLE VI of ICN

A

The rules of nomenclature are RETROACTIVE unless expressly limited.

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31
Q

extending in scope or effect to a prior time or to conditions that existed or originated in the past

A

retroactive

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32
Q

How many Principles are there in ICZN

A

8

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33
Q

element to which the name of a taxon is permanently attached.

A

nomenclatural types

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34
Q

In ICZN, the Code refrains from __ upon taxonomic judgement, which must not made subject to regulation or restraint.

A

Infringing

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35
Q

Nomenclature does not determine the __ of any taxon, nor the rank to be accorded to any
assemblage of animals, but, rather, provides the name that is to be
used for a taxon whatever taxonomic limits and rank are given to it.

A

inclusiveness or
exclusiveness

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36
Q

The device of ___ allows names to be applied to taxa without infringing upon taxonomic judgment. Every name within the scope of the Code (except for the names of “___” and of ___) is permanently attached to a name-bearing type.

A

name-bearing types; collective groups; taxa above
the family group

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37
Q

biological type that determines the application of a name.

A

name-bearing type

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38
Q

For species and subspecies this name-bearing type is either a ___ that together constitute the name-bearer

A

single specimen or several specimens

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39
Q

for genera and subgenera the name-bearing type is a
___; for taxa at ranks of the family group it is a ___.

A

nominal species; nominal genus

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40
Q

Scientific names of species defined by type-specimens.

A

nominal species

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41
Q

The name-bearing type of a nominal family-group taxon

A

nominal genus

42
Q

when a taxon at any rank is delineated by a taxonomist it may contain several name-bearing types, each with a name that is available for use at that rank. This ___ (which may be modified in its operation in the interests of stability and universality) is used to determine which of those names is the valid one

A

Principle of Priority

43
Q

To avoid __, the use of the same name for different taxa must not occur and is prohibited. This is the __.

A

ambiguity; Principle of Homonymy

44
Q

The Code also provides for its own __, by prescribing the constitution and operation of the __ and the conditions under which the Code may be amended.

A

interpretation and administration; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature

45
Q

There is no __ in zoological nomenclature. Problems in nomenclature are decided by applying the Code directly, and never by reference to precedent. If the
Commission is called on to make a ruling on a particular case, the decision relates to that case alone

A

“case law”

46
Q

Rule#1

A

Nomenclatural type

47
Q

constituent element (a specimen,
or a description or a figure) of a taxon to which the name is
permanently attached.

A

Nomenclatural type

48
Q

The Nomenclatural types need not be the most typical or representative element but is __ on which the description of the taxon
is based.

A

the original material

49
Q

How many of types of specimens are there?

A

7

50
Q

Specimen or other element designated by the author or used by him as the nomenclatural type.

A

holotype

51
Q

the duplicate of holotype

A

isotype

52
Q

When more than one specimen are cited by the author without mentioning which is the holotype, each specimen is designated as a
_.

A

syntype

53
Q

specimens cited along with the holotype are designated as

A

paratypes

54
Q

This is a substitute of the holotype when that is lost and is to be selected from the isotypes.

A

lectotype

55
Q

When no holotype was designated by the author a specimen from the original material is selected to be the

A

lectotype

56
Q

when all original materials are missing a ___ is selected from other materials

A

neotype

57
Q

specimen of a species collected at the same locality as the

A

holotype

58
Q

Rule #2

A

Rule of Priority

59
Q

In the case of a family or a taxon below the rank of a family the ___ should be considered as valid (or correct).

A

earliest legitimate name

60
Q

taken as the earliest date for all
plants except the Fungi, some Algae, and the Musci other than the Sphagnaceae

A

May 1, 1753

61
Q

This means the names appearing in ___ are the earliest names for the purpose of consideration of the ___; those published earlier are
not to be given priority.

A

Linnaeus’s Species Plantarum; Rule of Priority

62
Q

Rule #3

A

Names of Taxa

63
Q

The name of a species is a ___ consisting of the name of the ___ followed by a ___.

A

binary combination; genus; single specific epithet

64
Q

The name of a __ is a substantive in the singular number

A

genus

65
Q

The ___ is an adjective and is of the same gender as the generic name, or is a noun in apposition to the generic name.

A

specific epithet

66
Q

must not exactly repeat the generic name

A

specific epithet

67
Q

The name of an __ is a combination of the name of a species and an infra-specific epithet connected by a term denoting its rank.

A

infra-specific taxon

68
Q

The name of a genus or of a taxa of higher rank is spelt with a __ initial letter.

A

capital

69
Q

All specific and infra-specific epithets should be written with a __ initial letter.

A

small

70
Q

The name of a family is derived from the name of the __ which is the type for the family.

A

genus

71
Q

The name of a __, a __
or a __ is derived from the name of the type-genus belonging to that of those.

A

subfamily; tribe; sub-tribe

72
Q

Type genus: Rosa

A

Family Rosaceae

73
Q

Endings of the names of taxa: Order

A

“-ales” (e.g. Rosales)

74
Q

Endings of the names of taxa: Suborder

A

“-ineae” (e.g. Rosineae)

75
Q

Endings of the names of taxa: Family

A

“-aceae” (e.g. Rosaceae)

76
Q

Endings of the names of taxa: Subfamily

A

“-oideae” (e.g. Rosoideae)

77
Q

Endings of the names of taxa: Tribe

A

“-eac”

78
Q

Endings of the names of taxa: Subtribe

A

“-inae”

79
Q

Rule #4

A

Effective and Valid Publication

80
Q

Any printed matter when widely circulated is regarded as ____. It is sufficient if the printed matter is distributed at least to the ___ with libraries accessible to botanists generally.

A

effectively published; botanical institutions

81
Q

The date of effective publication is the date on which the ___.

A

printed matter became available

82
Q

_____ of a name of new taxon is necessary to have it effectively published, to have a correct form, and to be accompanied by a description or diagnosis or a reference to a previously published description.

A

Valid publication

83
Q

For the name of a new taxon to be valid it is necessary that the description or the diagnosis should be in ___.

A

Latin

84
Q

Those published ____ are considered valid even if the description or diagnosis were not in Latin.

A

earlier than 1st Jan. 1935

85
Q

In the case of Algae, the date has been fixed as ____ instead of ____, the Latin description or diagnosis of a new taxon must be accompanied by an _____

A

1st Jan. 1958; 1st Jan. 1935; illustration or figure.

86
Q

Publication of a new name of the rank of family or below on or after 1st January 1958 is ____ if the type is not indicated.

A

not considered valid

87
Q

The name of a taxon below the rank of a genus is not validly published unless the name of the ___ to which it is assigned is validly published.

A

genus or species

88
Q

He who first validly published the name of a taxon is the __ of that name. It is necessary to cite the name of the ___ after the name of the ___.

A

author; author; taxon

89
Q

Rule #6

A

Rejection of Names

90
Q

A name is to be rejected if it is used in ____and for that reason has become a source of error.

A

different senses

91
Q

A name is to be rejected if it is based on a type consisting of _____.

A

two or more entirely discordant elements

92
Q

discordant element means

A

not agreeing: not in harmony

93
Q

A name is to be rejected also if it is based on a ____.

A

monstrosity

94
Q

Rule #7

A

Splitting of Names

95
Q

When a genus is divided into 2 or more genera the original generic name must be ____ which includes the type species of the undivided genus. This rule applies equally to cases of ___.

A

retained for one of the smaller genera; division of species

96
Q

Rule #8

A

Synonym and Basionym

97
Q

All names of a taxon other than the valid names are ___ of that taxon.

A

synonyms

98
Q

When the name of a species or of an infra-specific taxon is changed, the synonym of which the epithet is to be taken for the valid name is the ___ for that taxon

A

basionym

99
Q

There are two primary resources for finding out the correct spelling of a name: the authors who published it, and the journal in which it was published.

A
  • TROPICOS, of the Missouri Botanical Garden
  • International Plant Name Index (IPNI) maintained by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew which is also presented in Plant List
100
Q

Revision of Names/Taxa

A
  • First, decide which species belong to that genus (circumscription)
  • Investigation of members of related genera must be done
  • Once the genus has been circumscribed, the next step is to decide how many infrageneric taxa are required, and designate infraspecific taxa (subspecies and varieties).
  • Once species circumscriptions are done, the species descriptions can be prepared. All the type specimens
    associated with the genus must be studied in order to determine the correct name for each species.
  • Then, descriptions, which include the designation of nomenclatural types and the listing of synonyms, are
    prepared and submitted for publication in a scientific journal.
101
Q

Rule #5

A

Retention of Specific and Infra-
specific Epithets

Systematics (15 decks)

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