History of Systematics

Question 1

what was attributed to Aristotle

Answer 1

zoological systematics

Question 2

How did Aristotle distinguish invertebrates

Answer 2

• entoma (insects)
• malacostra (crustacea)
• malakia (cephalopoda)

Question 3

How did Aristotle distinguish vertebrates

Answer 3

• Reptiles
• Birds
• Mammals

Question 4

• there exists a hierarchy of existing levels, from nonliving things to humankind, and then god.
• proposed by Aristotle

Answer 4

The Principle of the Ladder of Nature

Question 5

Theophrastos’ Divisions in the Plant World

Answer 5

• Tree
• Shrub
• Under shrub
• Herbs

Question 6

Theophrastos’ Genera Groups

Answer 6

Monocots
Dicots

Question 7

a saying or philosophy meaning there’s no third option, only true or false.

Answer 7

Tertium non datur

Question 8

a logical approach where you progress from general ideas to specific conclusions.

Answer 8

deductive reasoning

Question 9

Key features of life according to Aristotle and Theophrastus

Answer 9

• Circulatory System - Animals
• Growth and Reproduction - Plants

Question 10

they arranged genera alphabetically

Answer 10

• Otto Brunfels
• Leonart Fuchs
• Conrad Gesner

Question 11

He was able to master floral morphology but it was not translated into classifications

Answer 11

Hieronymus Bock

Question 12

He was the first to abandon the blind trust in ancient botany, which led to botany reaching full maturity.

Answer 12

Valerius Cordus

Question 13

Plant parts chosen by Pierre Magnol:

Answer 13

Roots
Branches
Flowers
Seeds

Question 14

He used purely morphological classification.

Answer 14

John Ray

Question 15

• His aim is to provide a key.
• He placed an emphasis on names as indispensable requirements to be able to know the medical properties of plants.

Answer 15

Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656-1708)

Question 16

a set of easily recognizable and visible characters.

Answer 16

key

Question 17

Linnaeus’ Criteria for a Genus:

Answer 17

number
shape
size
proportion

Question 18

Linnaeus’ 5 Ranks:

Answer 18

Class
Order
Genus
Species
Variety

Question 19

• Introduced the time element in systematics.
• Formulated the idea of the phylogenetic relationship (termed genealogy).
• Formulated the biological species concept (species is a physical identity).
• Genera and higher categories are nominal features.

Answer 19

Comte de Buffon

Question 20

nature is one and undivided with just one universal being.

Answer 20

idea of continuity (Michel Adanson)

Question 21

knowledge that is independent of experience

Answer 21

a priori

Question 22

knowledge gained from experience

Answer 22

a posteriori

Question 23

They proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection.

Answer 23

Alfred Russel Wallace and Charles Darwin

Question 24

organisms produce more offspring that are able to survive, grow, and mature. Those who are not fit for their environment are not able to reach the age of maturity to reproduce. Those who are fit are able to survive until they reproduce.

Answer 24

Theory of evolution

Question 25

Natural selection

Answer 25

Explained the evolution of life
Established a scientific theory, The theory of evolution

Question 26

Divided the plant kingdom into 13 divisions - a system that is wildly used by scientists around the world.

Answer 26

Adolf Engler