Basics Flashcards
The science for studying classification
taxonomy
taxonomy is further divided into three working groups
classification, identification, nomenclature
taxonomic classification system
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
domains
archaea, bacteria, eukaryota
- are prokaryotic, with no nuclear membrane, but with biochemistry and RNA markers that are distinct from bacteria.
domain archaea
a domain that are considered some of the oldest species of organisms on Earth, most notably their diverse, exotic metabolisms
domain archaea
Some examples of archaeal organisms
methanogens, halophiles, thermoacidophiles
an organism that produce the gas methane
methanogen
organisms which live in very salty water
halophiles
organisms that thrive in acidic high-temperature water
thermoacidophiles
are prokaryotic; their domain consists of cells with bacterial rRNA, no nuclear membrane, and whose membranes possess primarily diacyl glycerol diester lipids.
domain bacteria
photosynthesizing bacteria that are related to the chloroplasts of eukaryotic plants and algae
cyanobacteria
are organisms whose cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus. They include many large single-celled organisms and all known non-microscopic organisms.
domain eukaryota
transmission of traits
heredity
differences in traits
variation
- to visually represent the relationships among various groups of animals, scientists often use a type of branching diagram
- It shows how animals are related through evolution
phylogenetic tree
kingdoms in the domain of Eukaryota
- Kingdom Fungi
- Kingdom Plantae
- Kingdom Animalia
- Kingdom Archaebacteria
- Kingdom Eubacteria
predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae
plants
Land plants are also known as
embryophyta
Green plants are also known as
viridiphyta
- commonly called seed-bearing plants
- produce special reproductive structures that are visible
phanerogams
- commonly called spore-bearing plants
- they produce sexually by gametes but sex organs are concealed
cryptogams
groups under cryptogam
- thallophyta (algae)
- bryophyta (mosses)
- pteridophyta (ferns)
groups under algae
- chlorophyceae (green algae)
- phaeophyceae (brown algae)
- rhodophyceae (red algae)
2 groups under bryophytes
- mosses
- liverworts
the only cryptogam with vascular tissues
pteridophyta (ferns)
groups under phanerogam
- gymnosperms
- angiosperms
plants that bear naked seeds
gymnosperms
plants that bear seeds inside fruits
angiosperms
groups under angiosperms
monocotyledons and dicotyledons
- eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts, molds, and mushrooms
- the cell walls are made of chitin, not cellulose
- absorb nutrients from other organisms
kingdom fungi
- a group of eukaryotic, single-celled organisms
- all eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, or fungi
kingdom Protista
7 phyla of the kingdom Animalia
- porifera
- cnidaria
- platyhelminthes
- annelida
- mollusca
- arthropoda
- chordata
- No body symmetry (asymmetrical)
- No mouth or anus (have pores to facilitate the circulation of material)
- May have silica or calcium carbonate based spicules for structural support
- Examples include sea sponges
phylum porifera
- Have radial symmetry
- Have a mouth but no anus (single entrance body cavity)
- May have tentacles with stinging cells for capturing and disabling prey
- Examples include jellyfish, sea anemones and coral
phylum cnidaria
- Have bilateral symmetry
- Have a mouth but no anus (single entrance body cavity)
- Have a flattened body shape to increase SA:Vol ratio and may be parasitic
- Examples include tapeworms and planaria
phylum platyhelminthes
- Have bilateral symmetry
- Have a separate mouth and anus
- Body composed of ringed segments with specialisation of segments
- Examples include earthworms and leeches
phylum annelida
- Have bilaterial symmetry
- Have a separate mouth and anus
- Body composed of a visceral mass, a muscular foot and a mantle (may produce shell)
- Examples include snails, slugs, octopi, squid and bivalves (e.g. clams)
phylum mollusca
- Have bilateral symmetry
- Have a separate mouth and anus
- Have jointed body sections/appendages and have a hard exoskeleton (chitin)
- Examples include insects, crustaceans, spiders, scorpions and centipedes
phylum arthropoda
- Have bilateral symmetry
- Have a separate mouth and anus
- Have a notochord and a hollow, dorsal nerve tube for at least some period of their life cycle
- Examples include mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish (also invertebrate sea squirts)
phylum chordata
placing organisms within groups with
members exhibiting similarities (structure, physiological or evolutionary relatedness).
classification
assigning of scientific names to
taxonomic groups in accordance with accepted rules.
nomenclature
the evolutionary history of organisms
through time.
systematics
