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Systematics > History of Taxonomy and Systematics > Flashcards

History of Taxonomy and Systematics Flashcards

1
Q

What do you call the earliest era in the history of taxonomy and systematics?

A

“Folk Taxonomy”

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2
Q

What belongs to the Pre-Linnaean taxonomy and systematics?

A

Chinese, Romans, and Greeks

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3
Q

One of the earliest disciplines of Botany

A

plant taxonomy

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4
Q

essential in ethnobiological studies

A

folk taxonomy

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5
Q

approximate numbers of plants that are identified 500 years later of folk taxonomy

A

4,000,000, 2,860,000 are angiosperms, 70% in tropical regions

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6
Q

What became an old fashion in taxonomy and systematics in these days?

A

morphological analysis

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7
Q

What is the heart of biology?

A

observation

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8
Q

an evolutionary process that produces new species from a single, rapidly diversifying lineage.

A

adaptive radiation/ evolutionary radiation

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9
Q

differentiated plants with reference
economic value

A

herbal taxonomy

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10
Q

a collection of preserved plant specimens maintained for scientific purposes.

A

herbarium

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11
Q

Who was Emperor Shen Nung?

A
  • Emperor of China
  • List of medicinal plants
  • Introduced acupuncture
  • Father of Agriculture and Medicine in China
  • Divine Husbandman’s Materia Medica included 365 medicines derived from minerals, plants, and animals
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12
Q

Where were the illustrated medicinal plants found as wall paintings (1500 BC)? What are those?

A
  • Egypt
    Eber’s medical papyrus
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13
Q

The book of Aristotle

A

Historia Animalium

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14
Q

Aristotle classified animals

A

Animals with blood
- Live-bearing (humans and mammals)
- Egg-bearing (birds and fish)
Animals without blood
- Insects
- Shelled and non-shelled
- crustaceans
- Mollusks

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15
Q

Student of Aristotle and Plato

A

Theophrastus (370-285 BC)

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16
Q

Theophrastus is called as the -

A
  • Father of Botany
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17
Q

2 books written by Theophrastus that classifies all known plants

A

De Historia Plantarum (480 species) and De Causis Plantarum

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18
Q

Theophrastus classified plants based on – and used – and – to group things

A

growth form –annual, biennial, perennial; species and genus

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19
Q

Who is Pedanius Dioscorides?

A
  • Greek physician, pharmacologist, botanist
  • published De Materia Medica
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20
Q

who wrote a book which was widely read for more than 1,500 years and used in medicine until the 16th century, and was copied several times

A

Pedanius Dioscorides (40-90 AD); (De Materia Medica)

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21
Q

a 5-volume Greek encyclopedia about herbal medicine and related medicinal substances. and who wrote it?

A

De materia medica; Pedanius Dioscorides

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22
Q

Gaius described several plants and gave them Latin names
Many names we still recognize, like

A

Populus alba and Populus nigra

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23
Q

Who was the father of botanical Latin?

A

Gaius Plinius Secundus (23-29 AD)

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24
Q

Gaius is also called

A

Pliny the elder

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25
Q

a Roman army, later in the Roman state

A

Gaius Plinius Secundus (23-29 AD)

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26
Q

The only book that survived out of the many books of Gauis Plinius Secundus

A

Naturalis Historia

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27
Q

What phase is collecting and illustrating medicinal plants, use of plant and plant extracts (not much classification), more elaborate than previous works, and scientific increase, mild dissociation?

A

herbalists to darwin

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28
Q

Linnaeus later named plant groups to honor some prominent contributors to taxonomy from the rise of book printing

A

Brunfelsia, Mattiolia, Turnera,
Lobelia, Gerardia and Fuchsia

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29
Q

their works became prominent due to the rise of book printing

A
  • Otto Bronfels
  • Hieronymus Bock
  • Leonhart Fuchs
  • Peitro Andrea Gregorio Mattioli
    -William Turner
  • Matthias de L’Obel
  • John Gerard
  • Charles de L’Ecluse
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30
Q

When were herbaria established in different parts of the world?

A

Middle of 17th Century

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31
Q

He founded the first botanical garden; the first herbarium collection

A

Luca Ghini (1490-1556)

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32
Q
  • they gave the concept of species, synonymy, classification, and nomenclature.
  • defined species as a natural group of organisms with shared generalized or idealized patterns shared
A
  • Andrea Cesalpino
  • Bauhin
  • John Ray
  • de Tournefort
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33
Q

botanist, known for his comparative anatomical studies on skeletons of humans and birds

A

Pierre Belon

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34
Q
  • published Species Plantarum
  • introduced binomial nomenclature
  • introduced the sexual system in classification
  • artificial system on few characters.
A

Carolus Linnaeus (1753)

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35
Q

“the first taxonomist”

A

Andrea Cesalpino (1519-1603)

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36
Q

How many species are listed in De Plantis by Caesalpino?

A

1500

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37
Q

A work of Andrea Cesalpino that contained 1500 species

A

De Plantis

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38
Q

The group of species according to Cesalpino

A

herbs and trees

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39
Q

Plant families by Cesalpino

A

Brassicaceae and Asteraceae

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40
Q

Define “a posteriori”

A
  • an inductive principle
  • observations, facts, past events
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41
Q
  • Used “family” concept
  • Used conspicuous characters of roots, stems and flowers
A

Pierre Magnol

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42
Q

How many families did Pierre Magnol listed?

A

76

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43
Q

Important criterion for Andrea Cesalpino

A
  • embro
  • seed
  • seedling
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44
Q
  • wrote the work Pinax Theatri Botanici in 1623
  • Pinax means register - a listing of ________ species
A

Gaspard Bauhin (1560-1624); 6000

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45
Q

introduced synonyms and a scientific binomial system of classification

A

Gaspard Bauhin (1560-1624)

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46
Q

recognized genera and species as major taxonomic levels

A

Gaspard Bauhin and Jean Bauhin

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47
Q

What includes the Historia plantarum universalis

A

elaborate descriptions of more than 5,000 species

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48
Q

Wrote the “General History of Plants” that have elaborate descripions of more than 5,000 species

A

Jean Bauhin (1541-1613)

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49
Q

When: Emperor Shen Nung

A

3000 BC

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50
Q

When: Eber’s Medical Papyrus

A

1500 BC

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51
Q

When: Aristotle

A

384-322 BC

52
Q

When: Theophrastus

A

370-285 BC

53
Q

When: Padanius Dioscorides

A

40-90 AD

54
Q

When: Gaius Plinius Secundus

A

23-29 AD

55
Q

When: Luca Ghini

A

1490-1556

56
Q

When: Andrea Caesalpino

A

1519-1603

57
Q

Who rejected the blind trust (prepositions, top-down)?

A

Andrea Caesalpino (1519-1603)

58
Q

When: Pierre Magnol

A

1638-1715

59
Q

When: Jean Bauhin

A

1541-1613

60
Q

When: Gaspard Bauhin

A

1560-1624

61
Q
  • A naturalist and botanist
  • Establishment of species as the ultimate unit of taxonomy
  • published important works on botany, zoology, and natural theology
A

John Ray (1627-1705)

62
Q

When: John Ray

A

1627-1705

63
Q

Who wrote the classification of plants - Historia Plantarum, an important step towards modern taxonomy

A

John Ray (1627-1705)

64
Q

rejected the system of dichotomous division by which species were classified according to a pre-conceived, either/or type system

A

John Ray (1627-1705)

65
Q
  • classified plants according to similarities and differences that emerged from observation.
A

John Ray (1627-1705)

66
Q

2 terms in plants that John Ray used that are being used until now

A
  • monocotyledons
  • dicotyledons
67
Q

He used genus as a factual taxonomic group

A

John Ray (1627-1705)

68
Q
  • Physician, botanist
  • collected many plant species on scientific expeditions
  • primary emphasis on the classification of genera
A

JOSEPH PITTON DE TOURNEFORT (1656-1708)

69
Q

What did Joseph Pitton de Tournefort wrote?

A

Elements de botanique (1694)

70
Q
  • classification entirely upon the structure of the flower and fruit.
  • he denied the sexuality of plants
A

Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656-1708)

71
Q
  • he believed that classifications above the level of the genus were often artificial.
  • he used a single Latin name for the genus, followed by a few descriptive words for the species - a major step in the development of binomial nomenclature
A

Josepth Pitton de Tournefort (1656-1708)

72
Q

he is the author of modern genus concept and coined that term “Herbarium”

A

Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656-1708)

73
Q
  • botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician
  • first to frame principles for defining natural genera and species of organisms
A

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

74
Q

When: Carolus Linnaeus

A

1707-1778

75
Q
  • volume of only 11 pages presented a hierarchical classification, three kingdoms of nature: stones, plants, and animals
  • each kingdom was subdivided into classes, orders, genera, species, and varieties.
A

Systema Naturae (“The System of Nature”)

76
Q

What was Linnaeus’ crowning taxonomic achievement?

A

Genera Plantarum

77
Q

What did the Genera Plantarum presented?

A
  • a system based on “natural characters” of genera
  • morphological descriptions of all the parts of flowers and fruit
78
Q
  • Focused on genealogy
    -Allied species arise from a common ancestor
  • Beginnings of phylogenetic relationship
  • The first to recognize ecological succession
A

George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon (1707-1788)

79
Q

When: George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon

A

1707-1788

80
Q

Who countered the theory of pre-existence?

A

George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon

81
Q

What did George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon observed?

A

Similar environments, different regions had different flora and fauna (biogeography)

82
Q

Who was the first Anti-Linnaean?

A

George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon

83
Q
  • French naturalist, biologist, soldier
  • classifications are artificial, though still useful (dichotomous)
A

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)

84
Q

When: Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

A

1744-1829

85
Q

How did Jean-Baptiste Lamarck divided animals?

A
  • vertebrates
  • invertebrates (absence of blood)
86
Q

“species may transform to another to achieve perfection/complexity “ what is this theory and who stated this?

A

Theory of Transmutation; Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

87
Q

What concept//aw of evolution did Jean-Baptiste Lamarck introduced?

A

Law of Use and Disuse

88
Q
  • reflected natural system
  • weighing of characters
A

Michel Adanson (1727-1806)

89
Q

Michel Adanson is also called as the -

A

Grandfather of numerical Taxonomy

90
Q

What book did Michel Adanson wrote that contempt for “systems” and proposed a natural classification based upon all characters rather than upon a few arbitrarily selected ones

A

Familles des plantes

91
Q

Who introduced the Theory of Catastrophism and has a comparative anatomy of fossil and living forms?

A

George Cuvier (1729-1832)

92
Q

the revolutionary thought, “species are immutable but can go extinct”

A

Theory of Catastrophism

93
Q

How did George Cuvier divided animal life?

A
  • according to archetypes/body parts
  • 4 branches: articulata, mollusca, radiata, vertebrata
94
Q
  • french naturalist
  • unity of composition (living and extinct)
  • species are immutable as influenced by environmental conditions
  • homologous structures of species
A

Ettiene Geoffroy Saint-Hillaire (1772-1844)

95
Q
  • German poet, playwright, novelist, scientist, statesman, theatre director, and critic
  • Coined the term morphology to present the entirety of an organism’s form from development to adult as opposed to type (gestalt)
A

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832)

96
Q
  • German naturalist, ornithologist
  • Importance of observable features
  • Homologize vertebral elements with a vertebral skull with fusion as main development mechanism
  • He elaborated Wolfgang von Goethe’s theory that the vertebrate skull formed gradually from the fusion of vertebrae
A

Lorenz Oken (1779-1851)

97
Q

groups based on the presence of sense organs according to Lorenz Oken

A
  • Dermatozoa (invertebrates)
  • Glossozoa (Fish)
  • Rhinozoa (Reptiles)
  • Otozoa (Birds)
  • Opthalmozoa (Mammals)
98
Q

Who modified the Linnaeus System and recognize the difference between the morphological and physiological characteristics of organs?

A

Augustin Pyramus de Candolle (1778-1841)

99
Q

What was the idea that Augustin Pyramus de Candolle introduced?

A

Nature’s war

100
Q

Two books are written by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle that proposed a natural method of plant classification and
taxa do not fall along a linear scale

A

Plantarum historia succulentarum (4 vols., 1799) and Astragalogia (1802)

101
Q
  • English biologist, paleontologist, comparative anatomist
  • defined homology and analogy
A

RICHARD OWEN (1804-1882)

102
Q

e similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions.

A

homologous structures

103
Q

features of different species that are similar in function but not necessarily in structure and which do not derive from a common ancestral feature (compare to homologous structures) and which evolved in response to a similar environmental challenge.

A

analogous structures

104
Q
  • closely affiliated to the Royal
  • Botanic Gardens, Kew
  • proposed natural system of classification of seed plants
  • published Genera Plantarum
A

George Bentham (1800–1884) and Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817–1911)

105
Q

How many families and genera are listed in the book Genera Plantarum?

A

200 families, 7569 genera

106
Q
  • naturalist, geologist and biologist
  • published On the Origin of Species
  • suggested the principle of natural selection
  • evolution of species by common descent
  • Tree of Life
A

Charles Darwin (1859)

107
Q

What did Charles Darwin publish?

A

On the Origin of Species

108
Q
  • zoologist, naturalist, eugenicist, philosopher, physician, professor, marine biologist, and artist
  • Promoted Darwin’s theory of evolution
  • presented the Tree of life ( Darwin vs Aristotle) in graphical form
  • showed genealogical relationships, degrees of modification
A

Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919)

109
Q

coined the term Phylogeny to refer to genealogical relationships

A

Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919)

110
Q

Introduced Phylogenetic Classification based on the ideas of evolution.

A

Endichler (1804-1849), Eichler (1837-1887)

111
Q

suggested semi phylogenetic system of classification in Die Natiirlichen Pfalenzen Familien.

A

Engler and Prantl (1887-1915)

112
Q

Provided the first purely Phylogenetic system based on Dictas of Phylogeny

A

Bessey (1845-1915)

113
Q

Improved Bessey’s work

A

Hallier (1868-1938)

114
Q

24 principles of phylogeny and based on that suggested for phylogenetic classification of Families of flowering plants

A

John Hutchinson (1955)

115
Q

The classification system was improved by the book “Following Plants: Origin and Dispersal Cronquist in Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants” (1981) by

A

Takhtajan (1969)

116
Q

The classification system was improved by the book “Flowering Plant Evolution above the Species Level (1974)” of

A

Stebbins (1974)

117
Q

The classification system was improved by the book “Phylogenetic Classification of Angiopermae (1976)” by

A

Robert Throne (1976)

118
Q
  • published “Biological Species Concept”
  • Proposed the Biological concept defined species as “a group of interbreeding populations reproductively isolated from any other such group of population.”
A

Theodosius Dobzhansky (1937)

119
Q

The “New systematics” is aimed at achieving the goal of –

A

“holotaxonomy” (straightforward)

120
Q

Who proposed the term “New Systematics”

A

Huxley (1940)

121
Q

Who proposed the term “Biosystematics” to new systematics?

A

Camp and Gilly (1943)

122
Q

considered the number, size, and shape of chromosomes as very reliable taxa.

A

cytotaxonomists

123
Q

What are the modern techniques in the biosystematic phase?

A
  • two-dimensional paper chromatography
  • Chemotaxonomy
  • amino acid sequencing
  • determining nucleotide sequence in DNA and RNA.
124
Q

identification of chemical substances in plants as secondary metabolites

A

chemotaxonomy

125
Q

What do you call the famous ladder by Aristotle?

A

‘Ladder of life’ or ‘great chain of being’ or ‘Scalae Naturae’.

126
Q

The first major classification based on DNA (rbcL of cpDNA): rbcb sequencing study called ____ that redefined angiosperm systematics.

A

Treezilla

Systematics (15 decks)

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