History of Taxonomy and Systematics Flashcards
1
Q
What do you call the earliest era in the history of taxonomy and systematics?
A
“Folk Taxonomy”
2
Q
What belongs to the Pre-Linnaean taxonomy and systematics?
A
Chinese, Romans, and Greeks
3
Q
One of the earliest disciplines of Botany
A
plant taxonomy
4
Q
essential in ethnobiological studies
A
folk taxonomy
5
Q
approximate numbers of plants that are identified 500 years later of folk taxonomy
A
4,000,000, 2,860,000 are angiosperms, 70% in tropical regions
6
Q
What became an old fashion in taxonomy and systematics in these days?
A
morphological analysis
7
Q
What is the heart of biology?
A
observation
8
Q
an evolutionary process that produces new species from a single, rapidly diversifying lineage.
A
adaptive radiation/ evolutionary radiation
9
Q
differentiated plants with reference
economic value
A
herbal taxonomy
10
Q
a collection of preserved plant specimens maintained for scientific purposes.
A
herbarium
11
Q
Who was Emperor Shen Nung?
A
- Emperor of China
- List of medicinal plants
- Introduced acupuncture
- Father of Agriculture and Medicine in China
- Divine Husbandman’s Materia Medica included 365 medicines derived from minerals, plants, and animals
12
Q
Where were the illustrated medicinal plants found as wall paintings (1500 BC)? What are those?
A
- Egypt
Eber’s medical papyrus
13
Q
The book of Aristotle
A
Historia Animalium
14
Q
Aristotle classified animals
A
Animals with blood
- Live-bearing (humans and mammals)
- Egg-bearing (birds and fish)
Animals without blood
- Insects
- Shelled and non-shelled
- crustaceans
- Mollusks
15
Q
Student of Aristotle and Plato
A
Theophrastus (370-285 BC)
16
Q
Theophrastus is called as the -
A
- Father of Botany
17
Q
2 books written by Theophrastus that classifies all known plants
A
De Historia Plantarum (480 species) and De Causis Plantarum
18
Q
Theophrastus classified plants based on – and used – and – to group things
A
growth form –annual, biennial, perennial; species and genus
19
Q
Who is Pedanius Dioscorides?
A
- Greek physician, pharmacologist, botanist
- published De Materia Medica
20
Q
who wrote a book which was widely read for more than 1,500 years and used in medicine until the 16th century, and was copied several times
A
Pedanius Dioscorides (40-90 AD); (De Materia Medica)
21
Q
a 5-volume Greek encyclopedia about herbal medicine and related medicinal substances. and who wrote it?
A
De materia medica; Pedanius Dioscorides
22
Q
Gaius described several plants and gave them Latin names
Many names we still recognize, like
A
Populus alba and Populus nigra
23
Q
Who was the father of botanical Latin?
A
Gaius Plinius Secundus (23-29 AD)
24
Q
Gaius is also called
A
Pliny the elder
25
a Roman army, later in the Roman state
Gaius Plinius Secundus (23-29 AD)
26
The only book that survived out of the many books of Gauis Plinius Secundus
Naturalis Historia
27
What phase is collecting and illustrating medicinal plants, use of plant and plant extracts (not much classification), more elaborate than previous works, and scientific increase, mild dissociation?
herbalists to darwin
28
Linnaeus later named plant groups to honor some prominent contributors to taxonomy from the rise of book printing
Brunfelsia, Mattiolia, Turnera,
Lobelia, Gerardia and Fuchsia
29
their works became prominent due to the rise of book printing
- Otto Bronfels
- Hieronymus Bock
- Leonhart Fuchs
- Peitro Andrea Gregorio Mattioli
-William Turner
- Matthias de L'Obel
- John Gerard
- Charles de L'Ecluse
30
When were herbaria established in different parts of the world?
Middle of 17th Century
31
He founded the first botanical garden; the first herbarium collection
Luca Ghini (1490-1556)
32
- they gave the concept of species, synonymy, classification, and nomenclature.
- defined species as a natural group of organisms with shared generalized or idealized patterns shared
- Andrea Cesalpino
- Bauhin
- John Ray
- de Tournefort
33
botanist, known for his comparative anatomical studies on skeletons of humans and birds
Pierre Belon
34
- published Species Plantarum
- introduced binomial nomenclature
- introduced the sexual system in classification
- artificial system on few characters.
Carolus Linnaeus (1753)
35
"the first taxonomist"
Andrea Cesalpino (1519-1603)
36
How many species are listed in De Plantis by Caesalpino?
1500
37
A work of Andrea Cesalpino that contained 1500 species
De Plantis
38
The group of species according to Cesalpino
herbs and trees
39
Plant families by Cesalpino
Brassicaceae and Asteraceae
40
Define "a posteriori"
- an inductive principle
- observations, facts, past events
41
- Used "family" concept
- Used conspicuous characters of roots, stems and flowers
Pierre Magnol
42
How many families did Pierre Magnol listed?
76
43
Important criterion for Andrea Cesalpino
- embro
- seed
- seedling
44
- wrote the work Pinax Theatri Botanici in 1623
- Pinax means register - a listing of ________ species
Gaspard Bauhin (1560-1624); 6000
45
introduced synonyms and a scientific binomial system of classification
Gaspard Bauhin (1560-1624)
46
recognized genera and species as major taxonomic levels
Gaspard Bauhin and Jean Bauhin
47
What includes the Historia plantarum universalis
elaborate descriptions of more than 5,000 species
48
Wrote the "General History of Plants" that have elaborate descripions of more than 5,000 species
Jean Bauhin (1541-1613)
49
When: Emperor Shen Nung
3000 BC
50
When: Eber's Medical Papyrus
1500 BC
51
When: Aristotle
384-322 BC
52
When: Theophrastus
370-285 BC
53
When: Padanius Dioscorides
40-90 AD
54
When: Gaius Plinius Secundus
23-29 AD
55
When: Luca Ghini
1490-1556
56
When: Andrea Caesalpino
1519-1603
57
Who rejected the blind trust (prepositions, top-down)?
Andrea Caesalpino (1519-1603)
58
When: Pierre Magnol
1638-1715
59
When: Jean Bauhin
1541-1613
60
When: Gaspard Bauhin
1560-1624
61
- A naturalist and botanist
- Establishment of species as the ultimate unit of taxonomy
- published important works on botany, zoology, and natural theology
John Ray (1627-1705)
62
When: John Ray
1627-1705
63
Who wrote the classification of plants - Historia Plantarum, an important step towards modern taxonomy
John Ray (1627-1705)
64
rejected the system of dichotomous division by which species were classified according to a pre-conceived, either/or type system
John Ray (1627-1705)
65
- classified plants according to similarities and differences that emerged from observation.
John Ray (1627-1705)
66
2 terms in plants that John Ray used that are being used until now
- monocotyledons
- dicotyledons
67
He used genus as a factual taxonomic group
John Ray (1627-1705)
68
- Physician, botanist
- collected many plant species on scientific expeditions
- primary emphasis on the classification of genera
JOSEPH PITTON DE TOURNEFORT (1656-1708)
69
What did Joseph Pitton de Tournefort wrote?
Elements de botanique (1694)
70
- classification entirely upon the structure of the flower and fruit.
- he denied the sexuality of plants
Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656-1708)
71
- he believed that classifications above the level of the genus were often artificial.
- he used a single Latin name for the genus, followed by a few descriptive words for the species - a major step in the development of binomial nomenclature
Josepth Pitton de Tournefort (1656-1708)
72
he is the author of modern genus concept and coined that term "Herbarium"
Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656-1708)
73
- botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician
- first to frame principles for defining natural genera and species of organisms
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
74
When: Carolus Linnaeus
1707-1778
75
- volume of only 11 pages presented a hierarchical classification, three kingdoms of nature: stones, plants, and animals
- each kingdom was subdivided into classes, orders, genera, species, and varieties.
Systema Naturae (“The System of Nature”)
76
What was Linnaeus' crowning taxonomic achievement?
Genera Plantarum
77
What did the Genera Plantarum presented?
- a system based on “natural characters” of genera
- morphological descriptions of all the parts of flowers and fruit
78
- Focused on genealogy
-Allied species arise from a common ancestor
- Beginnings of phylogenetic relationship
- The first to recognize ecological succession
George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon (1707-1788)
79
When: George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon
1707-1788
80
Who countered the theory of pre-existence?
George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon
81
What did George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon observed?
Similar environments, different regions had different flora and fauna (biogeography)
82
Who was the first Anti-Linnaean?
George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon
83
- French naturalist, biologist, soldier
- classifications are artificial, though still useful (dichotomous)
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)
84
When: Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
1744-1829
85
How did Jean-Baptiste Lamarck divided animals?
- vertebrates
- invertebrates (absence of blood)
86
"species may transform to another to achieve perfection/complexity " what is this theory and who stated this?
Theory of Transmutation; Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
87
What concept//aw of evolution did Jean-Baptiste Lamarck introduced?
Law of Use and Disuse
88
- reflected natural system
- weighing of characters
Michel Adanson (1727-1806)
89
Michel Adanson is also called as the -
Grandfather of numerical Taxonomy
90
What book did Michel Adanson wrote that contempt for "systems" and proposed a natural classification based upon all characters rather than upon a few arbitrarily selected ones
Familles des plantes
91
Who introduced the Theory of Catastrophism and has a comparative anatomy of fossil and living forms?
George Cuvier (1729-1832)
92
the revolutionary thought, "species are immutable but can go extinct"
Theory of Catastrophism
93
How did George Cuvier divided animal life?
- according to archetypes/body parts
- 4 branches: articulata, mollusca, radiata, vertebrata
94
- french naturalist
- unity of composition (living and extinct)
- species are immutable as influenced by environmental conditions
- homologous structures of species
Ettiene Geoffroy Saint-Hillaire (1772-1844)
95
- German poet, playwright, novelist, scientist, statesman, theatre director, and critic
- Coined the term morphology to present the entirety of an organism’s form from development to adult as opposed to type (gestalt)
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832)
96
- German naturalist, ornithologist
- Importance of observable features
- Homologize vertebral elements with a vertebral skull with fusion as main development mechanism
- He elaborated Wolfgang von Goethe's theory that the vertebrate skull formed gradually from the fusion of vertebrae
Lorenz Oken (1779-1851)
97
groups based on the presence of sense organs according to Lorenz Oken
- Dermatozoa (invertebrates)
- Glossozoa (Fish)
- Rhinozoa (Reptiles)
- Otozoa (Birds)
- Opthalmozoa (Mammals)
98
Who modified the Linnaeus System and recognize the difference between the morphological and physiological characteristics of organs?
Augustin Pyramus de Candolle (1778-1841)
99
What was the idea that Augustin Pyramus de Candolle introduced?
Nature's war
100
Two books are written by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle that proposed a natural method of plant classification and
taxa do not fall along a linear scale
Plantarum historia succulentarum (4 vols., 1799) and Astragalogia (1802)
101
- English biologist, paleontologist, comparative anatomist
- defined homology and analogy
RICHARD OWEN (1804-1882)
102
e similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions.
homologous structures
103
features of different species that are similar in function but not necessarily in structure and which do not derive from a common ancestral feature (compare to homologous structures) and which evolved in response to a similar environmental challenge.
analogous structures
104
- closely affiliated to the Royal
- Botanic Gardens, Kew
- proposed natural system of classification of seed plants
- published Genera Plantarum
George Bentham (1800–1884) and Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817–1911)
105
How many families and genera are listed in the book Genera Plantarum?
200 families, 7569 genera
106
- naturalist, geologist and biologist
- published On the Origin of Species
- suggested the principle of natural selection
- evolution of species by common descent
- Tree of Life
Charles Darwin (1859)
107
What did Charles Darwin publish?
On the Origin of Species
108
- zoologist, naturalist, eugenicist, philosopher, physician, professor, marine biologist, and artist
- Promoted Darwin’s theory of evolution
- presented the Tree of life ( Darwin vs Aristotle) in graphical form
- showed genealogical relationships, degrees of modification
Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919)
109
coined the term Phylogeny to refer to genealogical relationships
Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919)
110
Introduced Phylogenetic Classification based on the ideas of evolution.
Endichler (1804-1849), Eichler (1837-1887)
111
suggested semi phylogenetic system of classification in Die Natiirlichen Pfalenzen Familien.
Engler and Prantl (1887-1915)
112
Provided the first purely Phylogenetic system based on Dictas of Phylogeny
Bessey (1845-1915)
113
Improved Bessey’s work
Hallier (1868-1938)
114
24 principles of phylogeny and based on that suggested for phylogenetic classification of Families of flowering plants
John Hutchinson (1955)
115
The classification system was improved by the book "Following Plants: Origin and Dispersal Cronquist in Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants” (1981) by
Takhtajan (1969)
116
The classification system was improved by the book "Flowering Plant Evolution above the Species Level (1974)" of
Stebbins (1974)
117
The classification system was improved by the book "Phylogenetic Classification of Angiopermae (1976)" by
Robert Throne (1976)
118
- published “Biological Species Concept”
- Proposed the Biological concept defined species as “a group of interbreeding populations reproductively isolated from any other such group of population.”
Theodosius Dobzhansky (1937)
119
The “New systematics” is aimed at achieving the goal of --
“holotaxonomy” (straightforward)
120
Who proposed the term "New Systematics"
Huxley (1940)
121
Who proposed the term “Biosystematics” to new systematics?
Camp and Gilly (1943)
122
considered the number, size, and shape of chromosomes as very reliable taxa.
cytotaxonomists
123
What are the modern techniques in the biosystematic phase?
- two-dimensional paper chromatography
- Chemotaxonomy
- amino acid sequencing
- determining nucleotide sequence in DNA and RNA.
124
identification of chemical substances in plants as secondary metabolites
chemotaxonomy
125
What do you call the famous ladder by Aristotle?
‘Ladder of life’ or ‘great chain of being’ or ‘Scalae Naturae’.
126
The first major classification based on DNA (rbcL of cpDNA): rbcb sequencing study called ____ that redefined angiosperm systematics.
Treezilla
