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Neurobiology > Nociception > Flashcards

Nociception Flashcards

1
Q

A primary afferent neuron that is preferentially sensitive to noxious stimulus

A

Nociceptor

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2
Q

Pain producing

A

Algesic

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3
Q

Pain Preventing

A

Analgesic

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4
Q

Increased pain sensation elicited by a noxious stimulus (bump an injured toe)

A

Hyperalgesia

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5
Q

A pathological condition in which pain is produced by a stimulus that is normally innocuous (sunburn)

A

Allodynia

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6
Q

4 ways to detect pain in animals

A
  1. Situational evidence - recent injury?
  2. Behavioral responses (aggressiveness?)
  3. Physiological changes (increased HR?)
  4. Biochemical changes (coritsol or adrenaline in blood?)
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7
Q

All somatosensory pathways begin at a ……… that converts environmental energy into an electrical signal

A

Peripheral receptor

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8
Q

Location of a first order neuron in the Spinothalamic pathway

A

Spinal Ganglion

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9
Q

Location of a second order neuron in the Spinothalamic pathway

A

Spinal Cord

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10
Q

Location of a third order neuron in the Spinothalamic pathway

A

Thalamus —> to the cortex

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11
Q

Pain receptors (nociceptors) have:

A

Free Nerve Endings

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12
Q

TRPV1 is sensitive to:

A

Thermal Stimuli
&
changes in pH

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13
Q

2 examples of inflammatory mediators that act upon nociceptors

A

ATP & Bradykinin

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14
Q

Once inflamm mediators attach on nociceptors, 2nd messenger systems ……

A

increase sensitization and increase hyperalgesia

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15
Q

Sensitization of nociceptors is seen as (3):

This mechanism underlies ……

A
  1. A reduction in the threshold for activation
  2. An increase in response to a given stimulus
  3. The appearance of spontaneous activity

HYPERALGESIA

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16
Q

Peripheral nociceptors have their cell body or soma in a ______ or a ______

A

Spinal or a cranial nerve ganglia

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17
Q

The peripheral receptor cell body gives rise to (2 things):

A
  1. A peripheral process or primary afferent axon that innervates skin, muscles, viscera, etc. as a free nerve ending
  2. a Central Process that terminates in the spinal cord distal horn or in the brain stem
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18
Q

Two types of axons transmit noxious information:

A

A delta fibers

C fibers

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19
Q

Lightly myelinated, conduct at velocities of 2-30 M/sec (1st pain)

FAST!

A

A delta fibers

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20
Q

Non-myelinated, conduct at velocities of less than 2 M/sec (2nd pain)

SLOW!

A

C-Fibers

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21
Q

Central transmission of Pain

A 
Pain is transmitted from:
Primary Afferent Axons (from cell bodies in spinal ganglion) 
----->
Spinal cord dorsal horn (Marginal nucleus or nucleus proprius)
----->
Thalamus 
----->
Cerebral Cortex
22
Q

2 most important central nervous system pathways for pain:

A
  1. Spinothalamic Pathway

2. Spinocervicothalamic Pathway

23
Q

This pathway is classically considered to be the major pain relay system in mammals.

A

Spinothalamic Pathway

24
Q

1st order neuron
Location
Peripheral Process Projection Site
Central Process Projection Site

A

Dorsal Root Spinal Ganglion

The nociceptor

Gray matter of the cord

25
Q

1st order neuron synapses on (3)

A

Marginal Nucleus
Substantia Gelatinosa
Deeper laminae

26
Q

2nd order Neuron
Location
Axon path
Axon termination location

A

Marginal Nucleus & the Nucleus Proprius

Decussate and join other axons that send pain information. These form the Spinothalamic Tract.

Terminate in the thalamus

27
Q

3rd order Neuron
Location
Send Axons to?

A

Thalamus

Send axons to the cerebral cortex

28
Q

2nd order neuron axons that terminate in the MEDIAL THALAMUS mediate the ___________

A

Motivational-Affective aspects of pain (emotion & pain)

29
Q

2nd order neuron axons that terminate in the LATERAL THALAMUS mediate ______________

A

discriminative aspects of pain

30
Q

An animal becomes aware of painful stimuli at the level of the _______

A

Thalamus

31
Q

The _______ is required for localization of pain to a specific body region

A

Cerebral cortex

32
Q 
The Spinocervicothalamic (Spinocervical Pathway) differs from the spinothalamic pathway in that is has an additional neuron located in the :
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

and the pathway crosses at the ___________

A

Lateral cervical nucleus

Level of the rostral spinal cord/lower brainstem

33
Q

Spinocervicothalamic pathway:

Receptors: ______
1st Order Neurons: _______
2nd Order Neurons: ______
3rd Order Neurons located in: ______

A

Free Nerve Endings

Dorsal Root Ganglion

Marginal Nucleus or Nucleus Proprius

Lateral Cervical Nucleus

34
Q

Axons from 3rd order neurons in the cervicospinal pathway cross the midline and ascend to the contralateral _______ where they terminate on ______

A

Thalamus

4th Order Neurons

35
Q

Cervicospinal pathway

The axons of 4th Order Neurons project to _______ of the _______

A

Somatosensory Area

Cerebral Cortex

36
Q

Major components of the endogneous Analgesia system: (3)

A

Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray (PAG)
Nucleus Raphe Magnus
Nucleus Locus Coeruleus

37
Q

Nucleus Raphe Magnus Location

A

Midline of the rostral medulla

38
Q

Nucleus Locus Coeruleus Location

A

Caudal pons near the floor of the 4th ventricle

39
Q

Nucleus Raphe Magnus neurons contain high levels of _________

Axons synapse in the ______ and _______ to inhibit pain transmission neurons in these nuclei of the dorsal horn

A

Serotonin

Marginal Nucleus & Nucleus Proprius

40
Q

Nucleus Locus Coeruleus contains high levels of ________

A

Norepinephrine

41
Q

Midbrain Periaqueductal Grey region contains a high density of _______ which activates a ______ pathway that excites neurons in the ______ and consequently inhibits spinothalamic and spinocervicothalamic neurons in the spinal cord.

A

Opiate receptors

Descending

Nucleus Raphe Magnus

42
Q

Endonenough Pain Activation System helps to maintain ____ ____.

A

Chronic Pain

43
Q

4 vital signs to take

A

Temperature
Pulse
Respiratory Rate
Pain score

44
Q

Treat mild pain with: (4)

A

NSAID’s
Steroids
Local anesthestics
Physical Therapy

45
Q

Treat moderate pain with: (3)

A

Opioid agonists
Opioid agonists/antagonists
Alpha2 agonists

46
Q

Treat severe pain with: (2)

A

Potent opioids with/without concurrent medications

Permanent nerve blocks

47
Q

Local anesthetics (3)

A

Carbocaine
Lidocaine
Bupivicaine

48
Q

Corticosteroid type

A

Prednisone

49
Q

NSAID’s (4)

A

Aspirin
Rimadyl
Deraxocib oral
Tepoxalin oral

50
Q

Alpha 2 Agonists (3)

A

Xylazine
Demotidine
Medetomidine

51
Q

Opioids (1)

A

Buprenex Injectable (buprenorphine)

52
Q

Acupuncture aids in the release of: (3)

A

Norepinephrine
Opioid substances
Other neurotransmitters

Neurobiology (13 decks)

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