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Neurobiology > FINAL EXAM old exam questions > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM old exam questions Flashcards

1
Q

The frequency of sound waves is detected by the ____ membrane of the cochlea.

A

Basilar

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2
Q

_Function of Septal Area _

A

Docile Behavior (Pleasure Centrer)

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3
Q

Function of Hippocampus

A

Short Term Memory

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4
Q

Function of the Amygdala

A

Aggressive Behavior

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5
Q

Function of Medial Geniculate Body

A

Hearing

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6
Q

Function of Subthalamic Nucleus

A

Generation of Rhythmic Movements

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7
Q

Function of Supraoptic Nucleus

A

Secretes Antidiuretic Hormone

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8
Q

Function of Paraventricular Nucleus

A

Secretes Oxytocin

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9
Q

Function of the Flocculonodular Lobe

A

Eye Movement and Balance Control

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10
Q

Function of the Cerebellar Hemisphere

A

Adjustments for Fine, Skilled Movements

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11
Q

Function of Mitral Cells

A

Olfaction

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12
Q

The current in hair cells is conveyed predominatly by _____ ions

A

K+

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13
Q

Projections of retinal ganglion cells to the _____ region of the brainstem mediates reflex regulation of pupil size.

A

Pretectal

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14
Q

______ cells located in the retina are spontaneously active and respond to visual stimuli by increasing or decreasing action potential frequency.

A

Ganglion

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15
Q

Photoreceptor cells are hyperpolized (inhibited) in the _____ and depolarized (excited) in the _______.

A

Light; Dark

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16
Q

Pain sensation is transmitted to the CNS via which type of peripheral nerve fibers?

A

A Delta & C Fibers

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17
Q

Which spinal cord nucleus is responsible for relaying pain sensation to the thalamus?

A

Marginal Nucleus

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18
Q

Which one of the following terms refers to a pathological condition in which pain is produced by a stimulus that is normally innocuous (e.g. touching sunburned skin)?

A

Allodynia

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19
Q

A client brings his dog into your clinic because it shows weakness and paresis of the RIGHT HINDLIMB. You perform a myelogram and discover an intradural tumor that has compressed the white matter of the LATERAL FUNICULUS ON THE RIGHT SIDE. The tumor has DAMAGED THE FIBERS OF THE SPINOTHALAMIC and SPINOCERVICAL THALAMIC TRACTS running u the RIGHT side of the spinal cord and thus pain sensation cannot be conveyed via these tracts. Based on your knowledge of neurobiology what effect would this tumor have on pain senation transmitted from the hindlimbs?

A

The dog would have diminished pain sensation from both hindlimbs.

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20
Q

Acute pain differs from transient (physiological) pain in which ways? (4)

A
  1. Actue pain is elicited by injury of body tissue and local tissue damage
  2. Acute pain is associated with alterations in the response characteristics of nociceptors
  3. Acute pain typically lasts for days or weeks
  4. Acute pain is typically associated with the development of hyperalgesia
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21
Q

This nucleus is:

located in the midline of the rostral medulla

contains high levels of serotonin

and is

an important component of the endogenous analgesia system

Stimulation of this nucleus causes inhibition of pain tranmsmission neurons at the level of the spinal cord

A

Raphe Magnus

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22
Q

The Purkinje cells of the paravermal cortex of the cerebellum send their axons exclusively to the underlying:

A

Interpositus Nucleus

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23
Q

A client brings his dog into your small animal practice and complains that the dog is running into furtniture at home and also is drinking excessively and urinating a lot. You perform a water deprivation test and ifnd that the dog is unable to concentrate urine even though water intak eis restricted.

As part of a cranial nerve exam you also test the menace response and note that the dog has difficulty seeing your hand when it is placed laterally in his visual field. All other cranial nerves appear normal. Baed on these symptoms and the results of your neuro exam & water dep test, you decide that the dog has a lesion (probably a tumor) in which one of the following brain regions?

A

Diencephalon

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24
Q

Cerebellar climbing fibers arise exclusively from which one of the following regions?

A

Olivary Nuclei

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25
Q

The habenular nucleus is a major component of which one of the following regions?

A

Epithalamus

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26
Q

Synchronization of body rhythms that have a period of about 24 hours is due to the function of which nuclei?

A

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

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27
Q

Stimulation of the “rostral” hypothalamus, e.g. by a tumor that was present in the area, would be expected to cause which symptoms? (2)

A

Slower Heart Rate

Hyperthermia (Fever)

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28
Q

Which sequences of events best describes the biochemical events that lead to depolarization of olfactory receptor cells once an odor molecule binds to the 7 transmembrane odorant receptor on the receptor cell surface? (5)

A

Binding of odor molecule

Activates G Protein

Activates Adenyl Cyclase (type III)

Generates cAMP

Opens ion channel to admit calcium (important) and sodium

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29
Q

What are characteristic features of limbic system structures? (3)

A
  1. Rich innervation by axons containing serotonin, dopamine, and epinephrine
  2. Low threshold for seizure activity
  3. Direct or indirect connections with the hypothalamus
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30
Q

Efferent input to hair cells in the cochlea originates from:

A

Dorsal Nuclei of Trapezoid Body

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31
Q

A client brings his 4 week old JRT to your clinic and upon examination you find that the dog has progressive cerebellar disease, which is inherited as an autosomal recessive condition in this breed. Based on your knowledge of the cerebellum and its function, describe 3 major clinical signs that this dog would exhibit that would allow you to arrive at your decision that the cerebellum is functioning abnormally:

A
  1. Head Tilt
  2. Loss of balance/Ataxia
  3. Change in attitude
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32
Q

Contrast the functional differences between rods and cones by describing two functional features that are different in rods and cones:

A

Rods
Low Sensitivity
Dim Light

Cones
High Sensitivity
Bright Light

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33
Q

T/F

The middle ear functinos to convert a large-amplitude, large-force input to a low-aplitude, low-force output

A

False

The middle ear functinos to convert a large-amplitude, large-force input to a low-aplitude, low-force output

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34
Q

T/F

The direction of a source of high-pitch sound is detected by the sound intensity difference between the near ear and the far ear of the subject.

A

True

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35
Q

T/F

Photoreceptor cells are polarized in the dark and depolarized by light (photons)

A

False

Photoreceptor cells are depolarized in the dark and hyperpolarized by light (photons).

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36
Q

T/F

Horizontal cells are responsible for the lateral inhibition manifested in the retina.

A

True

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37
Q

T/F

In regard to the visual reflex that regulates pupil size in response to light intensity, the visual afferent fibers travel in the brachium of the rostral colliculus to the pretectal region of the brainstem.

A

True

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38
Q

T/F

The habenular nucleus is a component of the endogenous pain suppression system.

A

False

The habenular nucleus is a component of the endogenous pain suppression system.

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39
Q

T/F

The cerebellar interpositus nucleus receives Purkinje cell axons from the paravermis region of the cerebellar cortex.

A

True

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40
Q

T/F

Control of daily (circadian) rhythms is a function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus.

A

True

41
Q

T/F

Axons from the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum travel throught he caudal cerebellar peduncle

A

False

Axons from the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum travel throught he caudal cerebellar peduncle

42
Q

The spiral organ of the cochlea sits on the ______ membrane

A

Basilar

43
Q

Pressure waves in the scala vestibuli are the result of movement of the oscicle named the _____ on the mmebrane covering the oval window.

A

Stapes

44
Q

The tapetum lucidum is located within the ____ of the vascular layer of the eyeball.

A

Chorion

45
Q

The photoreceptor cell type associated with relay circuits and temporal summation within the retina is called a ______.

A

Cone

46
Q

The major difference between the spinocervicothalamic pathway and the spinothalamic pathway is the presence, in the former pathway, of a second projection neuron in the ____ nucleus of the spinal cord.

A

????

47
Q

Which one of the following terms refers to a condition in which the pain sensation elicited by a noxious stimulus is increased over normal levels of pain sensation?

A

Hyperalgesia

48
Q

Clinically, “intention tremor” is typically observed in animals with damage to the:

A

Cerebellum

49
Q

The pineal body (gland) and the caudal commissure are considered part of the:

A

Epithalamus

50
Q

Conscious awareness of smell occurs in which brain region?

A

Piriform Cortex

51
Q

A client brings his 12-year-old German Shepherd into your veterinary clinic. A CAT-scan shows a tumor situatied in the piriform lobe infiltrating the amygdala. This astrocytoma is rapidly growing and releasing substances that excite (depolarize) neurons in the amygdala. Based on this information what behavior sign would you predict the dog would exhibit?

A

Aggressive Behavior

52
Q

Cerebellar mossy afferent fibers arise from 4 regions of the CNS

A

Pontine Nucleus

Vestibular Nuclei

Nucleus Thoracicus

Spinal Cord

53
Q

As a tumor of the pituitary gland grows it often compresses the infundibular stalk including the axon arising from neurons located in the supraoptic nucleus. Once these axons are ocmpressed they are unable to transport their hormonal product to the neurohypophysis. What condition would result from specific damage to axons of the supraoptic nucleus?

A

Diabetes Insipidus

54
Q

A primary afferent neuron that is preferentially sensitive to a noxious stimulus is called a

A

Nociceptor

55
Q

Which hypothalamic nuclei produces a hormone that stimulates myometrial contractions and accelerates parturition?

A

Paraventricular Nucleus

56
Q

Basket cells of the cerebellum exert a powerful inhibitory effect on which cerebellar cell type?

A

Purkinje Cells

57
Q

For the spinothalamic pathway, indicate the specific locations of the cell bodies of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd order neurons in the pathway:

A

1st - Periphery (skin)

2nd - Nucleus Proprius

3rd - Thalamus

58
Q

An animal that suffers destruction of ONLY the RIGHT spinothalamic tract at the level of spinal cord segment T12 would lose pain sensation in which one of its four limbs?

A

Left Hindlimb

59
Q

In pain lectures, you were given information related to “how to recognize pain in animals”. Describe 2 signs that you might look for

A

Behavioral - Increased aggressiveness, lethargy

Physiological - Obvious Injury

60
Q

The hypothalamus is the most _____ part of the diencephalon.

It is the most significant compoenent of the diencephalon from a clinical standpoint because lesions result in abnormalities in ______, limbic and/or autonomic function.

A

Ventral

Endocrine

61
Q

How do releasing factors produced in the hypothalamus get to the adenohypophysis to stimluate or inhibit the release of anterior pituitary hormones?

A

Releasing factors are released into the venous system where they move through the venous plexus into the pituitary gland.

62
Q

T/F

Photons trigger closure of cation channels and decrease in neurotransmitter release by rods

A

True

63
Q

T/F

Dogs have two populations of color sensitive cones.

A

True

64
Q

T/F

Neurons in the pretectal region give rise to the tectospinal tract.

A

False

Neurons in the pretectal region give rise to the tectospinal tract.

65
Q

T/F

Motion information and color information are conveyed separately in visual pathways.

A

True

66
Q

T/F

Axons that run in the lateral lemniscus arise from neuron cell bodies located in the m edial geniculate nucleus.

A

False

Axons that run in the lateral lemniscus arise from neuron cell bodies located in the m edial geniculate nucleus.

67
Q

T/F

Cochlear nuclei are the source of efferent axons to hair cells in the spiral organ.

A

False

Cochlear nuclei are the source of efferent axons to hair cells in the spiral organ.

68
Q

T/F

Auditory ossicles operate to convert large amplitude movement to high force movement.

A

True

69
Q

T/F

Inner hair cells receive more innervation from cochlear nerve neurons than do outer hair cells.

A

True

70
Q

Function of Nociception

A

Detection of tissue damage by nociceptors

71
Q

Function of Hyperalgesia

A

Inflammatory mediators cause this

72
Q

Example of Allodynia

A

Sunburn is an example of this

73
Q

Analgesic

A

Pain Preventing

74
Q

Noxious

A

Stimulus that damages tissue

75
Q

A-delta fiber

A

Lightly myelinated fiber responsible for 1st pain

76
Q

C-Fiber

A

Non-myelinated fiber responsible for 2nd Pain

77
Q

ATP

A

Metabolite that activates nociceptive free nerve endings

78
Q

Glutamate

A

Neurotransmitter of Primary Afferent Nociceptors

79
Q

Histamine

A

Substance from Mast Cells that Sensitizes Nociceptors

80
Q

Damage to which diencephalic area would be expected to interfere with normal circadian rhythms resulting in alterations in the normal sleep/wake cycle?

A

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

81
Q

The rostral and caudal hypothalamus affect autonomic function differently. A pituitary tumor that stimulates the rostral hypothalamus would be expected to cause which symptoms?

A

Decreased body temperature

82
Q

“Diabetes Insipidus” is a condition in which there is a loss of control of water excretion such that animals drink and urinate excessively. This condition is caused by lesions that interfere with the production or transport of which one hypothalamic substance?

A

Vasopressin (ADH)

83
Q

Mitral cells are important neurons in the conduction of which sensations?

A

Olfaction

84
Q

An animal with a brain tumor that damages the septal area might be expected to show what type of behavior?

A

Aggression

85
Q

Which 4 structures are components of the limbic system?

A
  1. Hippocampus
  2. Amygdala
  3. Cingulate Gyrus
  4. Mamillary body
86
Q

The tapteum lucidum is located within the _____ of the eyeball.

A

Choroid

87
Q

A client brings a 10 yr old GR to your vet clinic bc the dog shows abnormal gait. As you examine the animal you find that it has normal strength and movement in all four limbs with no signs of weakness or paralysis and it also shows normal withdrawal reflexes. However, you also find that the dog has marked bilateral ataxia and dysmetria and shows a pronounced nystagmus. Based on your knowledge of brain anatomy and clinical dysfunction what brain area do you conclude has been damaged?

A

Cerebellum

88
Q

3 Criteria are characteristic of a structure that is part of the limbic system. List them.

A

????

89
Q

Describe or diagram the components of the Endogenous Analgesia System including the major brain stem regions involved. In addition indicate one of the neurotransmitters involved in the descending inhibition produced by this system.

A

????

90
Q

_____ cells are the retinal cells responsible for the surround inhibition exhibited by ganglion cells.

A

Horizontal

91
Q

The photoreceptor cells that contain rhodopsin and participate in highly convergent retinal circuits are called _______.

A

Rods

92
Q

The phrase “place principle” pertains to the detection of the quality of sound called _______.

A

Pitch

93
Q

The _____ membrane separates the scala tympani from the cochlear duct.

A

Basilar

94
Q

Cerebellar climbing fibers arise from which structure?

A

Olivary Nucleus

95
Q

Which one of the deep cerebellar nuclei is involved with correcting gross movements in animals via its projections to the red nucleus?

A

Interpositus Nucleus

96
Q

The Purkinje cells of the cerebellar hemisphere project to which one of the deep cerebellar nuclei?

A

Dentate Nucleus

97
Q

Which one of the diencephalic subdivisions plays a role int he generation of rhytmic movements in animals?

A

Subthalamus

98
Q
A

Neurobiology (13 decks)

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