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Neurobiology > Exam 1 Practice > Flashcards

Exam 1 Practice Flashcards

1
Q

…….. are glial cells in the CNS that are often refferd to as “brain macrophages”

A

Microglia

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2
Q

…… motor neurons innervate intrafusal muscle fibers

A

alpha

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3
Q

Embryonic rhombic lips give rise to the ….. of the brain

A

Cerebellum

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4
Q

An extrapyramidal tract that originates in the midbrain and runs the entire length of the spinal cord is the ……

A

rubrospinal tract

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5
Q

Because of vestibular reflexes, the eyes move to the left when the head accelerates to the …….

A

Right

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6
Q

The cerebral cortex layer that contains interneurons and receives specific afferent input has two names, one is based on its layer number, the other is based on its predominant cell type. The latter (cell type) name of the layer is ……..

A

IGCL Inner Granule Cell Layer

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7
Q

T/F A single lemmocyte typically forms a myelin sheath around multiple axons

A

False

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8
Q

T/F The spinal cord is covered by layers of protective connective tissue termed endoneurium, perineurium an epineurium.

A

False

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9
Q

EPSP is a term associated with depolarization of the POST synaptic membrane

A

True (Excites the postsynaptic cell, DEPOLARIZATION TOWARD ZERO POTENTIAL) ???

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10
Q

T/F as development progresses, the original number of CNS neurons decrease with fetal age

A

True

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11
Q

Postganglionic autonomic neurons are derived from neural crest

A

True

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12
Q

T/F Axon potentials originate in the soma (cell body) of a multipolar neuron

A

False

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13
Q

T/F Spinal reflexes regulate muscle tone independent of brain control

A

False

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14
Q

T/F Neurons in vestibular nuclei send axons through the lateral vestibulospinal tract to activate neck muscles

A

False (they do this but it activates limb extensor mm, not neck mm)

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15
Q

Tectum (CNS Division)

A

Mesencephalon (roof of midbrain)

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16
Q

Tegmentum location

A

which refers to the region ventral to the ventricular system.

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17
Q

Hypoglossal nucleus (CNS Division)

A

Myelencephalon (Medulla)

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18
Q

Conscious olfaction (CNS Division)

A

Telencephalon (Cerebrum)

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19
Q

Marginal Nucleus (CNS Division)

A

Spinal Cord

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20
Q

Middle Cerebellar Peduncle (CNS Division)

A

Metencephalon (Pons/cerebellum)

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21
Q

Mammillary body (CNS Division)

A

Diencephalon

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22
Q

Several factors are responsible for the complex internal organization of the brainstem. Name them.

A
  1. Development of the 4th ventricle
  2. Some cranial nerve nuclei migrate from their primitive embryonic positions
  3. Development of the cerebellum and its connections
  4. Special Senses - Special visceral afferent and special somatic afferent nuclei develop in associated with the brain stem
  5. The Alar Plate is displaced lateral to the basal plate
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23
Q

These two structures are ventral to the 4th ventricle

A

Pons and Medulla

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24
Q

T/F Astrocytes are glial cells in the CNS that form myelin sheaths around axons

A

FALSE

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25
Q

T/F Axons form synapses with other axons

A

TRUE

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26
Q

T/F Thin axons transmit signal faster than thick axons

A

FALSE

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27
Q

T/F Myelin serves as a buffer that slows down the speed of transmission of electrical signals in axons

A

FALSE

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28
Q

T/F Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the post synaptic membrane. This leads to opening of ion channels on the post synaptic membrane.

A

TRUE

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29
Q

T/F Depolarization of the presynaptic membrane induces voltage gated K+ to open. An influx of K+ induces synaptic vesicles to dock with presynaptic membrane and release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

A

FALSE (Ca2+ induces these changes)

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30
Q

T/F Neurotransmitter molecules can be eliminated from the synaptic clefts via pinocytotic uptake by presynaptic or glial processes

A

TRUE

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31
Q

In the resting state, both the presynaptic and post synaptic membranes are polarized.

A

TRUE

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32
Q

T/F Synaptic Vesicles contain neurotransmitter molecules

A

TRUE

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33
Q

Axons of projection neurons go to ……

A

Thalamus

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34
Q

Which of the following is within the dorsal funiculus?

A

Fasciculus gracilis

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35
Q

The first neuron in a spinal reflex pathway is termed

A

Primary afferent neuron

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36
Q

The basal nucleus most specifically associated with regulating amplitude and duration of movements is the ……

A

Putamen

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37
Q

When a patient exhibits a flaccid paralysis with absence of reflexes as well as voluntary movement, the likely location of the lesion is…..

A

Peripheral nerve

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38
Q

Which of the following is a component of osseus labyrinth, as opposed to membraneous labyrinth?

A

Vestibule

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39
Q

Damage to which nerve is responsible for the signs of drooling, and trouble closing the left eye and moving the ear?

A

Facial nerve

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40
Q

In the CNS, …….. are the cell type that is responsible for myelinating axons

A

Oligodendrocytes

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41
Q

The …….. layer of the neural tube is populated with glioblasts and neuroblasts during early embryonic development

42
Q

Axons of vestibular nuclei descend in the …….. tract to activate limb extensor muscles

A

Vestibulospinal

43
Q

Stumbling to the right would suggest a vestibular nerve deficit on the ……. side

44
Q

Specific movements of proximal limb joints are controlled by traffic in the extrapyramidal tract that is named ……

A

Rubospinal?

45
Q

The motor area of the cerbebral cortex surrounds the …… sulcus

46
Q

T/F Action potential conduction velocity (m/sec) is slower in large nerve fibers compared to small nerve fibers

47
Q

T/F The brain and spinal cord are covered by layers of protective connective tissue termed endoneurium, perineuirum and epineurium.

A

False (Meninges)

48
Q

T/F An IPSP (inhibitory post-synpatic potential) is associated with hyperpolarization of the post synaptic membrane

49
Q

T/F The sensitivity of the myotatic reflex is set by the descending tracts fromt he brain that modify action potential frequency in gamma efferent neurons

A

True

Spasticity = excessive firing
Weakness = insufficient
50
Q

The pontine reticulospinal tract conveys action potentials from spontaneously active neurons to efferent neurons that innervate pelvic limb flexor muscles

51
Q

The caudate nucleus, not the putamen, is involved in selecting movements, as opposed to managing the magnitude and duration of movement execution.

52
Q

Specific afferent fibers to the cerebral cortex terminate in the inner granule cell layer

53
Q

The corpus callosum contains a large collection of corticofugal projection fibers

A

FALSE (the internal capsule does)

54
Q

The subarachnoid space is located between the arachnoid membrane and dura mater

55
Q

In CNS diseases involved demyelnation, you would expect the demyelinated axons to…..

A

Transmit nerve impulse at a decreased conduction rate

56
Q

T/F Most neurons in the CNS are bipolar

57
Q

T/F Neurons that have unipolar cell bodies are found in autonomic ganglia

58
Q

T/F Interneurons are neither motor or sensory

59
Q

T/F Efferent neurons have myelinated dendrites

60
Q

T/F Neurons have synaptic vesicles containing Nissl substance

A

False (contain neurotransmitters)

61
Q

Damage to the oculomotor nucleus would result in which of the following symptoms?

A

Ventrolateral strabismus (deviation of the eye ventrally and laterally)

62
Q

In which brain division does the roof plate fail to expand and form a choroid plexus?

A

Mesencephalon

63
Q

In discriminative touch and kinesthesia ascending pathways, primary afferent neurons have their cell bodies in ……..

64
Q

Which one of the following structures is formed by spinal roots?

65
Q

What 4 things are true of the utricle?

A
  1. It contains endolymph
  2. It contains a macula
  3. It contains an otolith membrane
  4. It is a component of the membranous labyrinth
66
Q

T/F The utricle detects angular acceleration

A

False - it detects LINEAR ACCELERATION

67
Q

Neurons located in the adult …… get there by migrating from the mantle layer and through the marginal layer of the embryonic telencephalon

A

Cerebral cortex

68
Q

A destructive lesion of the left vestibular nerve would produce a head tilt with the ear on the …… side

69
Q

The ……… tract is an extrapyramidal voluntary movement tract that originates from the midbrain.

A

Rubrospinal

70
Q

The ……. nucleus is the basal nucleus involved in selecting and assembling movements.

71
Q

The …… of the utricle detects linear acceleration

72
Q

T/F Ventral horn motor neurons of the spinal cord develop from the mantle layer of the basal plate of the neural tube

73
Q

T/F During embryonic development, functional connections are established after random degeneration of neuronal processes

A

False - not random

74
Q

T/F The embryonic myelncephalon gives rise to the adult spinal cord

75
Q

T/F The mesencephalic aqueduct develops from the cavity of the neural tube

76
Q

T/F The spinal nuclei scheme of gray matter organization accounts for neurons that are not included in the spinal laminae scheme of organization

77
Q

The combination of head movement and endolymph inertia causes displacement of the cupula and sterocilia deflection

78
Q

T/F The medial longtiduinal fasciculus conveys vestibular reflex activity to neurons that innervate limb extensor muscles

A

False - controls eye mm (3, 4, and 6 CN) and neck (cervical spinal cord) muscles

79
Q

T/F Paralysis and areflexia are consequences of pyramidal tract destruction

80
Q

T/F The medullary reticulospinal tract arises from neurons that are spontaneously active

81
Q

T/F Neocortical association areas receive their input from primary sensory areas of cortex.

82
Q

Spinothalamic tract

Neuron Type/Part

A

Projection Neuron Axon

83
Q

Tendon organ

Neuron Type/Part

A

Part of a proprioceptor neuron

84
Q

Neuron Type/Part

Adjust muscle tone sensitivity

A

Gamma efferent neuron

85
Q

Neuron Type/Part

Reflex Circuit

A

Interneuron

86
Q

Neuron Type/Part

Component of a motor unit

A

Alpha efferent neuron

87
Q

Neuron Type/Part

Integration of synaptic input

A

Multipolar neuron soma

88
Q

The 3 key elements that comprise every chemical synapse are:

A

Presynaptic terminal
Postsynaptic Element
Synaptic Cleft

89
Q

Describe the sequence of events that take place in the presynaptic terminal when an action potential arrives at the end of an axon:

A

Presynaptic membrane depolarized
Voltage gated calcium channels open
Synaptic vesicle docking and fusion with presynaptic membrane
Neurotransmitter released by exocytosis
Neurotransmitter binds postsynaptic membrane receptors
Ion flux across the postsynaptic membrane

90
Q

The subarachnoid space is dilated at certain points and these dilated spaces contain additional cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Some are sites from which CSF taps are performed. These dilated areas of subarachnoid space are called:

91
Q

Which receptor type detects damage to tissue?

A

Nociceptors

92
Q

T/F Dendrites are specialized to receive input from other neurons

93
Q

T/F Dendrites contain Nissl bodies in their proximal parts and thus the intiail portions of dendrites strain basophillically

94
Q

T/F Dendrites represent one to many extensions of the cell body

95
Q

T/F Dendrites are an extension of the cell body that is specialized for conducting action potentials.

96
Q

T/F Dendrites often have small protrusions, called dendritic spines along their surface.

97
Q

Compared to a myelinated axon in the peripheral nervous system, a nonmyelinated axon lacks which of the following:

A

Nodes of Ranvier
A Myelin Sheath

STILL HAS LEMMOCYTES

98
Q

Damage to which nerve nuclei produces “medial strabismus”, a condition where the eye is deviated medially?

A

Abducent (VI)

99
Q

Cranial Nerves differ from spinal nerves in that they:

A
  1. Do not have separate attachments for ventral and dorsal roots
  2. May be purely sensory or purely motor
  3. Do not attach to the brainstem in a linearly spaced pattern like those of the spinal cord
100
Q

List in order from superficial to deep, the 6 horizontal layers of cerebral neocortex and indicate which one receives specific afferent input

A
  1. Molecular Layer
  2. Outer Granule Cell Layer
  3. Outer Pyramidal Cell Layer
  4. Inner Granule Cell Layer **
  5. Inner Pyramidal Cell Layer
  6. Multimorphic Layer

Neurobiology (13 decks)

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