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Neurobiology > FINAL EXAM Lecture 16 & 17 Diencephalon & Hypothalamus > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM Lecture 16 & 17 Diencephalon & Hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

The most dorsal part of the diencephalon

It forms a caplike covering over the thalamus

A

Epithalamus

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2
Q

The Epithalamus is the _______ and _________ part of the ___________.

A

Smallest

Oldest

Diencephalon

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3
Q

The Epithalamus is composed of: (3)

A
  1. Pineal Body
  2. Habenular Nuclei
  3. Caudal Commissure
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4
Q

Function of the Epithalamus:

A

It is functionally and anatomically linked to the limbic system. It is involved in regulating reproductive functions (mating behavior; responsible for postpartum maternal behavior.) Melatonin, secreted by the pineal gland at night, is concerned with biological timing including sleep induction.

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5
Q

Melatonin is secreted by the _______ at _______.

It is concerned with biological timing including __________ ________.

A

Pineal gland

Night

Sleep Induction

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6
Q

This is located ventral to the thalamus and _______ to the hypothalamus & is only present in ________

A

Subthalamus

Lateral

Mammals

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7
Q

The Subthalamus is involved in the ________ ___ _________ ____________, which selects ______ and suppreses _______ movements.

A

Generation of Rhythmic Movements

Wanted

Unwanted

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8
Q

Stimulation of the ________ provides the most effective treatment for late-stage Parkinson’s disease in humans.

A

Subthalamus

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9
Q

The largest component of the diencephalon

A

Thalamus

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10
Q

4 Subdivisions of the Diencephalon

A
  1. Epithalamus
  2. Subthalamus
  3. Thalamus
  4. Hypothalamus
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11
Q

The thalamus is:

Composed of a large number of ______. The two you should know are: ______ & _________ (and their main functions).

A

Nuclei

  1. Lateral Geniculate - Vision
  2. Medial Geniculate - Hearing
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12
Q

The _______ serves as the great sensory receiving area (receives sensory input from all sensory pathways EXCEPT _________) and relays sensory information to the _______ ________.

A

Thalamus

Olfaction

Cerebral Cortex

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13
Q

What nucleus controls circadian rhythms?

A

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

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14
Q

The most ventral part of the diencephalon

A

Hypothalamus

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15
Q

While there are 4 parts to the diencephalon, from a clinical perspective, the most significant component is the ____________, since leasions of this area can cause abnormalities in _________, __________ or _________ __________.

A

Hypothalamus

Endocrine

Limbic

Autonomic Function

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16
Q

Hypothalamus Function

Most important job is to maintain _________

It does this by: (3)

A

Homeostasis (the body’s status quo)

Endocrine Secretion

Autonomic Function

Emotions and Drives

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17
Q

Hypothalamus

Endocrine Section - Controls _______ release by the ______ ________.

A

Hormone

Pituitary Gland

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18
Q

_Hypothalamus _

Autonomic Function -

Integrates autonomic functions via ____ _____ to ______ ______ neurons located in the _____-______ and _______ ________.

A

Direction Projections

Preganglionic autonomic neurons

Brain-Stem

Spinal Cord

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19
Q

_Hypothalamus _

Emotions & Drives -

It has numberous interconnections with the ______ _____ by which it generates behaviors involved in ____, ______, _____, etc.

A

Limbic system

Rage

Aggression

Escape

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20
Q

3 Subdivisions of the Hypothalamus

A

Supraoptic

Tuberal

Mamillary

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21
Q

The most important division in veterinary medicine, it lies above the optic chiams and contains 3 important nuclei.

_Name the division and all 3 nuclei _

A

Supraoptic Region (of the hypothalamus)

  1. Supraoptic Nucleus
  2. Paraventricular Nucleus
  3. Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
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22
Q

Supraoptic Nucleus

Contains neurons that produce antidiuretic hormone (______ or ________)

Their axons project to the ______ ________ _____ (neurohypophysis) where ____ is released and entes the blood.

A

ADH

Vasopressin

Posterior Pituitary Gland

ADH

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23
Q

Paraventricular Nucleus

Contains neurons that produce premoninately _______

A

Oxytocin

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24
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

Plays a role in ________ _________.

A

Circadian Rhythms

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25
Q

Tuberal Region

Lies directly anove the ____ _____ and contains cells that produce ________ (_______), which control various aspects of sleep.

Dogs with _______ have a mutation in the _____ receptor gene.

A

Pituitary gland

Orexins

(Hypocretins)

Narcolepsy

Orexin

26
Q

Most caudal portion of the hypothalamus comprised primarily of the mamillary bodies - plays a role in _______.

A

Mamillary Region

Memory

27
Q

Key Concept

While there are a number of regions that comprise the hypothalamus the ________ region is by far the most important and damage to this area can result in problems with _____ (damage to _____ cells or _____), with ____ ____ (____ _____ ______) and _______ regulation.

A

Supraoptic Region

Urination - ADH cells or fibers

Circadian Rhythms (Sleep wake cycle)

Temperature Regulation

28
Q

_Afferent Inputs to the Hypothalamus _

(Fibers coming from other brain regions)

In order to maintain ______ the hypothalamus must receive inputs about the state of the body. The major inputs that convey this information include:

1.

2.

3.

4.

A

Homeostasis

  1. Nucleus of Solitary Tract
  2. Limbic System
  3. Retina
  4. Blood
29
Q

Afferent Inputs to the Hypothalamus

This nucleus collects all of the visceral sensory information from the vagus nerve and sends it to the hypothalamus.

A

Nucleus of the Solitary Tract

30
Q

Afferent Inputs to the Hypothalamus

Structures such as the amygdala and olfactory cortex

( Piriform lobe) project to the hypothalamus and help regulate behaviors such as eating and reproduction.

A

Limbic System via the fornix

31
Q

_Afferent Inputs to the Hypothalamus _

_______ via direct branches of the optic nerve that go to the suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

Retina

32
Q

Afferent Inputs to the Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus has intrinsic receptors including _______ and _____ that monitor _____ and ______ balance;

In addition hypothalamic cells are sensitive to hormone concentrations and glucose levels, etc.

A

BLOOD

Thermoreceptors

Osmoreceptors

Temperature

Ionic

33
Q

Major Efferent Projections from the Hypothalamus

Once the hypothalamus is aware of a problem, it fixes the problem via the following routes of communcation:

1.

2.

3.

Ultimatley, through these connections the hypothalamus can control every ____ ____ and can alter _____ _____, ______ _____, and ______ to maintain body homeostasis.

A
  1. Neural signals to the autonomic nervous system via projections to the brain stem vagal nuclei and to pregnanglionic nuclei in the spinal cord
  2. Neural signals to the limbic system
  3. Endocrine signals to/through the pituitary gland

Endocrine Gland

Blood Pressure

Body Temperature

**Metabolism **

34
Q

_Pituitary Gland _

Lies beneath the _____ and is formed by ___ distinct parts:

a _____ part, the _____

and

a ______ component derived from _____ _____, called the _________.

A

Brain

2

Neural part, the Neurohypophysis

Glandular

Oral epithelium

Adneohypophysis

35
Q

The hypothalamus controls the endocrine system via ____ different routes:

  1. _______ by secretion of _____ products into the general circulation via the _____ of the ____ ____ ____ (____ and _____).
  2. _______ by secretion of ______ factors into the local _____ _____ ______ ________ (A vascular plexus that carries these factors from the base of the hypothalamus [an area known as the eminence] to the anterior pituitary). The hypothalamus thus controls _______ _______ hormone synthesis and release via the transport of these factors to the __________.
A

Endocrine

2

Directly, Neuroendocrine, vasculature, Posterior Pituitary Gland, AHD, Oxytocin

Indirectly, Releasing, Hypophyseal Portal Venous Plexus

Anterior pituitary, adenohypophysis

36
Q

The hypothalamus is connected directly to the Pituitary gland via the axons of the ______ and ______ nuclei and indirectly via the ____ _____ ______.

A

Supraoptic

Paraventricular

Hypophyseal Portal System

37
Q

Hypothalamic Functions

The hyopthalamus:

(1) Controls the release of at least ____ major hormones by the _____, and is involved in (2) _______ regulation, (3) control of _____ and ____ intake, (4) _______ behavior and _________, (5) control of daily cycles in _________ state and behavior, and (6) mediation of _________ response.

A

8

Hypophysis

Temperature

Food & Water

Sexual & Reproduction

Physiological

Emotional

38
Q

Hypothalamus secretes ____ and ____ into the circulation which has a direct effect on the ________ ________.

A

Oxytocin

Vasopressin (ADH)

Endocrine System

39
Q

Oxytocin is Greek for

A

Rapid Birth

40
Q

Oxytocin

Is produced by: ________ in the ________ ______ of the hypothalamus

**Functions: acts on ____ _____ muscle to stimulate myometrial contractions and accelerates _____ (thus oxytocin or synth. derivates of oxytocin can be given to induce ____, eg in the mare). **

Activates ____ _____ _____ in response to suckling (induces contraction of myoepithelial cells in mammary gland). It also acts on the _________ (& nucleus accumbens) to enhance _____ between a male and female once they have mated and between a mother and her newborn.

A

Neurons, Paraventricular Nuclei

Uterine Smooth Muscle

Parturition

Parturition

Milk Letdown Reflex

Amygdala

Bonding

41
Q

Vasopressin ( ____ )

Produced by: ______ in the _____ ____

Function: to _______ ______ of ____ in the _____ (via collecting ducts and convoluted tubulues). Thus it decreases _____ production and ______ body water. Capillary density of the ____ _____ is ____ than any other part of the brain and ____ in blood osmolarity _____ release of ADH.

A

ADH

Neurons, Supraoptic nucleus

Increase, Reabsorption, Water, Kidneys

Urine, Conserves

Supraoptic nucleus, higher, Increases, Stimulate

42
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A disorder of _____ balance in which there is a ____ of ____ of water excretion due to a failure of production, transport or release of ______ into the blood stream from the __________.

A

water

loss

ADH (Vasopressin)

Neurohypophysis

43
Q

_Causes of Diabetes Insipidus _

_____ or ______ of _____ or _______; Commonly associated with tumors of the ______ which compress the _________.

A

Trauma

Disease

Pituitary

Hypothalamus

Adenohypophysis

Neurohypophysis

44
Q

Diagnosis of Diabetes Insipidus

Imagery of the _____ with a positive finding of a tumor;

______ deprivation test - if animal is unable to produce ______ _______ urine as a water intake is restricted.

A

Pituitary

Water

More Concentrated

45
Q

_Diabetes Insipidus _

Treatment: _____ or intranasal, oral or SQ injection of ________

A

Surgery

Desmopressin

46
Q

Hypothalamus

Indirect effects on the endocrine system -

Production & Release of hypothalamic ______ _______ which either stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from the _____ ______ ______.

A

releasing factors

Anterior Pituitary Gland

47
Q

______________ (Cushing’s Disease) often accompanies tumors of the ______, which produce excess _________ hormone. One of the most common diseases of _____ aged and older dogs.

A

Hyperadrenocorticoidism

Adenohypophysis

Adrenocorticotropic

Middle

48
Q

Symptoms of Hyperadrenocorticoidism (Cushing’s)

  1. _____ ______ (polyphagia - _____% show this sign)
  2. ____ ____ ___ (usually on the sides)
  3. ________ - Bloated abdomen and “potbelly” due to increase of fat in the abdomen and increased _____ size and stretching of abdominal wall (_____% have this symptom)
  4. ______ _____, ________ and sometimes lameness (excess ______ causes protein breakdown leading to muscle weakness)
A

Extreme Hunger - 80-95%

Poor Hair Coat

Obesity

Muscle Weakness, Lethargy

Cortisol

49
Q

Treatment of Hyperadrenocoritcoidism (Cushing’s)

______ to remove _____ tumor

________ to control tumor growth

Medication - _____ or _____ - destroys the cortisol producing cells in the ______ _______

A

Surgery, Pituitary

Radiation

Lysodren or Mitotane

Adrenal Cortex

50
Q

Hypothalamus

Control of the Autonomic Nervous System:

  1. _____ _____
  2. __________
  3. __________
  4. __________
A

Heart Rate

Vasoconstriction

Digestion

Sweating

51
Q

What alterations have been observed in cattle with abscesses of the hypothalamus?

A

Alterations in cardiovascular function

Slowing of heart rate

52
Q

The hypothalamus stimulates the ____ _____ which acts on _________ responses (e.g. Slowed heart rate)

A

Rostral Hypothalamus

Parasympathetic

53
Q

The hypothalamus stimulates _____ _____ which acts on _____ responses (e.g. increased heart rate, vasoconstriction, etc.)

A

Caudal Hypothalamus

Sympathetic

54
Q

The hypothalamus can control temperature regulation through the _____ and _____ hypothalamus.

A

Rostral & Caudal

55
Q

The Rostral Hypothalamus is also known as the ___ ___ ______

Warm blood, antipyretic substances or impulses from heat receptors can cause _____, _____ and ____ which serve to _____ body temperature. Lesions cause ______ in dogs and other species.

A

Heat Loss Center

Panting
Vasodilation
Sweating

Reduce

Hyperthermia (fever)

56
Q

The caudal hypothalamus is also known as the
_____ _____ _____

Cool blood, Pyrogenic substances or input from cold receptors causes _______ and ______, which serves to ______ body temperature. Lesions result in _____ and disturbances in _______ mechanisms.

A

Heat Conservation Center

Shivering & Vasoconstriction

Increase

Hypothermia

Sweating

57
Q

Cattle with abscesses of the pituitary gland that effect the hypothalamus are often ___________.

A

Hypothermic

58
Q

Hypothalamic Functions (6)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

A
  1. Direct effects on the Endocrine System
  2. Indirect effects on the Endocrine System
  3. Control of the Autonomic Nervous System
  4. Temperature Regulation
  5. Regulation of Food and Water Intake
59
Q

The hypothalamus controls ______ ______ and appetite as well as water intake.

Lesions of the hypothalamus often cause abnormal ______ and ________.

A

Body Weight

Eating & Drinking

60
Q

Lesions in the _________ Hypothalamus will cause an obese animal.

A

Ventromedial

61
Q

Lesions in the _______ Hypothalamus will cause anorexia.

A

Lateral

62
Q
A

Neurobiology (13 decks)

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