Nicotine Flashcards

1
Q

Nicotine Acts as an

A

agonist at the nicotinic
acetylcholine receptor (NAChR)

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2
Q

Nicotine Acute toxicity marked by

A

nausea,
vomiting, faintness, profuse
sweating, hypothermia, decrease
blood pressure, unconsciousness

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3
Q

Administration

A

oral (chewing tobacco), inhalation
(cigarettes, cigars, and pipes), intranasal
(insufflation – snuff), transdermal (patch)

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4
Q

Nicotine reaches the brain from the lungs

A

~ 7
seconds after inhalation
Much faster than intravenous injection

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5
Q

nicotine is metabolized

A

Metabolized in the liver to various metabolites

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6
Q

nicotine Rate of liver metabolism proportional to the

A

addictive potential in humans

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7
Q

Faster metabolism →

A

more addictive

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8
Q

High affinity NAChR found in (8)

A

cortex,
thalamus,
striatum,
hippocampus,
substantia nigra,
ventral tegmental area,
locus coeruleus,
raphe nuclei

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9
Q

Peripheral receptors are found in the

A

autonomic ganglia (sympathetic and
parasympathetic)

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10
Q

Reinforcement of nicotine

A

Cholinergic inputs to the VTA are responsible for activating mesolimbic dopamine neurons.

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11
Q

Nicotine activates NAChR on the

A

mesolimbic dopamine projections from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens to moderate nicotine’s reinforcing effects.

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12
Q

Nicotine is a psychostimulant…

A

sometimes

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13
Q

Nicotine is a psychostimulant… sometimes (current smokers)

A

increased calmness and relaxation
increases performance on cognitive tasks
Increases attention
Enhances mood

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14
Q

Nicotine is a psychostimulant… sometimes (non-smokers)

A

anxiety,
heightened tension,
lightheadedness,
dizziness
nausea
Nicotine in high doses decreases reaction time

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15
Q

Nicotine decreases

A

reaction time in a
trial requiring sustained visual attention.

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16
Q

Reaction time tests Current smokers had a

A

greater
sensitivity to nicotine than did nonsmokers s (lower doses of nicotine effective
at reducing reaction time)

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17
Q

Reaction time tests Abstinent smokers had a

A

longer
reaction time than non-smokers

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18
Q

reaction time findings

A

the stimulant effects of nicotine
may at best compensate for a deficit.

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19
Q

Tolerance and Dependence nicotine

A

Nicotine is well known to develop acute
and chronic tolerance and dependence

20
Q

Acute tolerance of nicotine develops due to

A

inactivation of NAChR

21
Q

After first cigarette of the day nicotine
remains high enough in blood to

A

desensitize NAChR

22
Q

nicotine levels drop

A

overnight or with several hours
of abstinence

23
Q

Chronic tolerance of nicotine

A
  • Animals given a single high dose of nicotine
    show decreased locomotion
  • With daily injections locomotor supression
    subsides and is replaced by locomotor
    activation
24
Q

In humans green-tobacco illness is a
reaction common in

A

workers harvesting
tobacco

25
Self-administration
In animal models, exposure during adolescence increases self-administration of nicotine later in life
26
In animal models, exposure during adolescence increases self-administration of nicotine later in life - suggests
adolescence is a particularly vulnerable period for development of addictions.
27
Addictions treatment - Replacement therapies
Nicotine patches, gum, vapes
28
Addictions treatment - Antidepressants
Bupropion – non-competitive NAChR antagonist & DA reuptake inhibitor
29
Varenicline (Champix) – partial agonist at the
NAChR
30
Varenicline (Champix) – partial agonist at the NAChR - induces
mesolimbic DA, reduces craving
31
Partial agonism can reduce the
response to nicotine
32
AUTONOMIC EFFECTS
Nicotine acts in the autonomic nervous system
33
Nicotine acts in the autonomic nervous system
Increased heart rate Elevated blood pressure
34
Physiological arousal may contribute to
reinforcement
35
Physiological arousal may contribute to reinforcement
Increases risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke
36
Parasympathetic activation and nicotine
increased acid secretion in stomach → ulcer Increased peristalsis in bowel → chronic diarrhea
37
NICOTINE POISONING early symptoms (8)
Nausea/vomiting salivation, abdominal pain/diarrhea cold sweat, headache, confusion, dizziness, weakness
38
NICOTINE POISONING early symptoms followed by
Drop in BP, fainting, breathing difficulty
39
if nicotine poisoning is left untreated
Convulsions Respiratory failure due to depolarization block of diaphragm
40
Why do people smoke?
Mood effects Satiety
41
Mood effects of smoking
Chronic smoking decreases monoamine oxidase levels in the brain and periphery
42
Chronic smoking decreases monoamine oxidase levels in the brain and periphery - Increased monoamines
(DA, 5-HT, NE
43
Chronic smoking decreases monoamine oxidase levels in the brain and periphery
Antidepressant effects
44
Satiety and smoking
suppresses appetite - Weight gain common rebound effect of cessation
45
Many of the stimulant effects are proposed to act only to attenuate
withdrawal-associated deficits
46
Withdrawal of nicotine includes
irritability, stress, poor concentration