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Neuro-pharmacology > Hallucinogens > Flashcards

Hallucinogens Flashcards

1
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Generate perceptual and cognitive distortions
* Absence of toxic delirium

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2
Q

Psychomimetic (psychosis)

A

No longer considered to accurately reflect psychosis

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3
Q

Psychedelic

A

(mind-opening)

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4
Q

Hallucinogenic

A

(producing hallucinations)

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5
Q

Hallucinogens names

A

Mescaline, LSD, DMT, and psilocybin

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6
Q

Mescaline

A

Psychoactive alkyloid found in
peyote cactus

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7
Q

Mescaline Entheogenic effects

A

– used in
transcendent rituals

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8
Q

Psilocybin

A

Endogenous active alkyloid prodrug
found in mushrooms of the genus
Psilocybe

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9
Q

Psilocybin is metabolized to

A

psilocin
(psychoactive metabolite) in the body

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10
Q

Dimethyltryptamine - DMT

A

Psychoactive tryptamine found in South
American vines such as Psychotria

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11
Q

Dimethyltryptamine - DMT Traditionally brewed as a strong tea called

A

ayahuasca – ‘vine of the soul’

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12
Q

Dimethyltryptamine - DMT Only psychoactive when brewed with
Banasteriopsis caapi vines – contain

A

β-carbolines
(reversible MAO inhibitors)

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13
Q

β-carbolines are proposed to inhibit

A

t first pass
metabolism of DMT by MAO

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14
Q

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

A

synthetic Lysergic acid is the chemical precursor to ergot
alkyloid

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15
Q

LSD first marketed in 1947 as

A

Delysid for neurotic patients – used to uncover repressed thoughts or feelings

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16
Q

Use of LSD as a

A

psychotomimetic gave
way to ketamine or PCP as it was
realized LSD does not accurately
recapitulate psychosis

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17
Q

Psycholytic therapy involved

A

low dose
LSD to promote release of repressed
memories

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18
Q

Psychedelic therapy

A

High dose LSD used to induce druginduced spiritual experience

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19
Q

Psychedelic therapy (psilocybin) improved

A

depression scores in patients with treatment-resistant depression

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20
Q

amygdala hyperactivity and psilocybin

A

Normalization of amygdala hyperactivity was seen in fMRI followup

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21
Q

Hallucinogens were reintroduced to the Western world by three influential
figures

A

Aldous Huxley
Gordon Wasson
Timothy Leary

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22
Q

Aldous Huxley

A

Depicted his first experience with mescaline in the 1954 essay The Doors of
Perception

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23
Q

Gordon Wasson

A

First known Westerner to participate in a Mazatec mushroom ritual - seeking the magic mushroom

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24
Q

Timothy Leary

A

Founded the Harvard Psychedelic Drug Research Program – administered
psilocybin and LSD to numerous grad students and faculty

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25
Q

Project MKUltra

A

Goal was to investigate potential methods for mind
control and interrogation

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26
Q

MKUltra extensively investigated the effects of

A

LSD on servicemen and sometimes unwitting
members of the public

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27
Q

Most hallucinogens are readily available

A

e orally

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28
Q

Potency is varied

A

LSD has an exceedingly high potency

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29
Q

Oral doses typically have a

A

delayed onset of 30-90 minutes

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30
Q

Greatest impact on onset is

A

presence of food

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31
Q

Typically long-lasting effects

A

LSD and mescaline are psychoactive for 6-12 hours
Psilocybin somewhat shorter

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32
Q

DMT Recreational use is by

A

inhalation (smoking)

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33
Q

DMT Rapid onset and effect

A

t (peak in 5-20 minutes)

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34
Q

DMT Effects subside within

A

n 1 hour (‘business trip’)

35
Q

DMT Administered orally in

A

ayahuasca the presence of MAO
inhibitors extend the effects for several hours

36
Q

Drug effects Onset, Plateau, Peak, Come-down

A

Onset (30-60 minutes)
Plateau (~2 hours)
Peak (~2-3 hours)
Come-down (~2 hours)

37
Q

Onset

A

Visual effects
* Intensification of colours – perception of ‘new’ colours
* Geometric shapes, particularly with eyes closed

38
Q

Plateau (~2 hours)

A

Slowed perception of time
* Increasingly intense visual effects

39
Q

Peak (~2-3 hours)

A

Pronounced alteration of perception of time
Feeling of being in another world
Intense visual hallucinations
Synesthesia

40
Q

Come-down (~2 hours)

A

Decreasing effects typically dissipating within 3 hours

41
Q

After effects may last

A

through next day

42
Q

After effects may last through next day

A

Lingering increased perceptions and sense of well-being

43
Q

Hallucinogenic experiences typically
fall into one of two categories

A

good trip
bad trip

44
Q

Good trip

A

overall mystical or
spiritually enlightening experience

45
Q

Bad trip

A

– disturbing or frightening
experience

46
Q

Many factors influence perceptions

A

Dose, expectations, personality,
previous drug use, physical and social
context

47
Q

Some suggestion that hallucinogens
enhance a subject’s

A

own state

48
Q

Disturbing experiences may result
from

A

amplification of negative mood
or thoughts

49
Q

fMRI studies have surprisingly
shown that hallucinogens induce

A

broad significant decreases in
activity (blood flow/BOLD)

50
Q

fMRI studies have surprisingly
shown that hallucinogens induce
broad significant decreases in
activity (blood flow/BOLD) Significant changes occur in hub
areas including the

A

cingulate
cortex (ACC/PCC) and prefrontal
cortex (mPFC).

51
Q

fMRI studies have surprisingly
shown that hallucinogens induce
broad significant decreases in
activity (blood flow/BOLD).
Significant changes occur in hub
areas including the cingulate
cortex (ACC/PCC) and prefrontal
cortex (mPFC). Decreases in activity correlate with

A

subjective ratings of intensity.

52
Q

Overall decreased activity of hubs
in the default mode network
proposed to produce

A

effects by
supressing ‘self’ or ‘ego’ and
enabling unconstrained cognition.

53
Q

Some activation of the

A

sympathetic nervous system is seen
with hallucinogens

54
Q
  • LSD produces pronounced
A

pupil dilation – aversion to bright light

55
Q

LSD produces Small increases in

A

heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature

56
Q

Dizziness, nausea, and vomiting are a possible adverse effect
of

A

LSD ingestion

57
Q

Dizziness, nausea, and vomiting are a possible adverse effect
of LSD ingestion Much more common with consumption of

A

whole peyote or
psilocybin-containing mushrooms, very common with ayahuasca

58
Q

Indoleamine
hallucinogens

A

Psilocin, DMT, and LSD contain
indoleamine structures that are
analogous to 5-HT.

59
Q

Phenethylamine
hallucinogens

A

act as central nervous as hallucinogens higher structural homology to
catecholamines

60
Q

Mescaline has higher structural homology to

A

catecholamines.

61
Q

Phenethylamine
hallucinogens Similar to the neurotransmitter

A

norepinephrine
and the amphetamine-class of
psychostimulants.

62
Q

Amphetamine can produce

A

e hallucinogenic
effects with prolonged use, though analogues
such as DOM, TMA more potent/selective hallucinogens.

63
Q

Hallucinogenic effects are
produced through

A

seratonergic
systems

64
Q

LSD has affinity at 8 5HT
receptors

A

1A, 1B, 1D, 2A, 2C, 5A, 6, 7

65
Q

Both indoleamine and
phenethylamine hallucinogens
agonise the

A

5-HT2A receptor

66
Q

5-HT2A antagonism

A

Subjective effects of psilocybin were blocked by
pretreatment with either ketanserin (5-HT2A
antagonist, antihypertensive) or risperidone
(5HT2A inverse agonist and D2 antagonist,
atypical antipsychotic)

67
Q

5-HT2A antagonism D2 antagonism

A

did not affect subjective effects
(haloperidol – D2 antagonist, typical
antipsychotic).

68
Q

Animals can be trained to

A

discriminate drug
effects.

69
Q

Rats trained to press alternate levers after
either LSD or saline injection

A

reflects the
internal stimulus from drug effects.

70
Q

LSD discrimination can be extinguished by
administration of

A

5-HT2A antagonists

71
Q

Hallucinogens develop rapid

A

tolerance

72
Q

LSD administration over 4 days results in

A

near complete tolerance

73
Q

5HT2A receptors are downregulated with

A

daily dosing of LSD or psilocybin in rats
(pharmacodynamic tolerance)

74
Q

Mescaline does not result in

A

receptor
downregulation

75
Q

Crosss-tolerance develops to

A

o LSD &
psilocybin suggesting further mechanisms
at play

76
Q

Dependence and abuse are

A

NOT
demonstrated to hallucinogens

77
Q

Users do not

A

binge or crave

78
Q

withdrawal

A

No withdrawal syndrome develops
(‘hangover’ symptoms include enhanced
perception of colours and a lingering sense
of well-being)

79
Q

No mechanisms of dependence are
described in

A

humans or animals

80
Q

Widely considered to have no

A

abuse
potentia

81
Q

A bad trip can result in

A

acute anxiety or
panic reaction

82
Q

Early clinical studies suggest bad trips can

A

be minimized with thorough screening

83
Q

Hallucinogen persisting perception
disorder (HPPD)

A

Flashbacks’
* Re-experiencing perceptual symptoms
associated with intoxication after cessation of
drug use
* Documented but extremely rare phenomenon
(but widely discussed)

84
Q

At one time psychosis was considered a

A

significant risk

Neuro-pharmacology (26 decks)

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