Nicholas ii Flashcards
1
Q
Accession if Nicholas ii
A
1894
2
Q
Formation of Social Democrats
A
1898
3
Q
Formation of Socialist revolutionaries
A
1901
4
Q
SDs split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks
A
1903
5
Q
Russo-Japanese war
A
1904-5
6
Q
Bloody Sunday
A
January 1905
7
Q
First National Duma
A
1906
8
Q
Stolypin reforms
A
1906-11
9
Q
Four Dumas met
A
1906-14
10
Q
WW1
A
1914-18
11
Q
Why was the failure of the Russo-Japanese war an issue?
A
Doubts over Tsars ability to maintain Russia status
12
Q
What ended ihe Russo-Japanese war?
A
Treaty of Portsmouth
August 1905
13
Q
What was Bloody Sunday?
A
Peaceful march of 150000 led by Father Gapon to ask the Tsar for change
Guards fired on the crowd
40 killed
14
Q
What was the 1905 revolution?
A
Barricades and mobs in the streets following bloody Sunday
15
Q
What was the October manifesto?
A
Pledge by the Tsar to grant basic civil liberties and the creation of a parliament
16
Q
What were the fundamental laws?
A
Reversed the October manifesto
Tsar held supreme autocratic powers by divine right
17
Q
What happened to the Dumas?
A
1&2 dispanded
3 chosen nationalist members loyal to the crown
4 ww1 - pushed Tsar to abdicate
18
Q
Who was Stolypin? What did he aim for
A
Prime Minister
Refashiom Duma by redrawing the electoral law and giving greater parliamentary weight to the gentry
Agrarian reform
19
Q
What was wager of the strong and who did it create?
A
Utilised land
Encouraged peasants to work in cuties
Creates Kulaks
20
Q
How did ww1 negatively impact Nicholas?
A
He was at the front line
Directly responsible
21
Q
Who took over in the February revolution?
A
4th Duma
22
Q
1905 revolution
A
1905
23
Q
Finland given full autonomy
A
1905
24
Q
October manifesto
A
1905
25
Fundamental laws
April 1905
26
What was Wittes great spurt?
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Commitment to industrialisation
Foreign loans for industry investment
Foreign experts
Placement of rouble on gold standard
Move away from private enterprise
Railway increase to 31125 (1901)
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27
Structure of gov.
October manifesto - Duma
| Fundamental laws
28
Economic change
Stolypin and land reforms
29
Repression
Repression
30
Treatment of Russian people
Russification
Glastnost
Anti-jewish policies
Removal of university freedoms
31
Why was Finland granted full autonomy?
1905 rev.
32
Who faced Stolypin neckties
Political leaders against The Fundimental Laws
33
Impact of Russo-Japanese war
Humiliation, worry about Russia’s world status, social unrest and investment in industry
34
Cause of unrest
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Growth of intelligentsia
Students increasingly being angry at being repressed
Spread of higher education
1892,1898 and 1901 famines
Poor harvests 1900 and 1902
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35
How many people were involved in Bloody Sunday?
150000
36
How many troops were at Bloody Sunday?
12000
37
What were the Bloody Sunday protestors aims?
Go to winter palace and ask the tsar for help - ‘little father’
38
Provisions of October manifesto
Creation of legislative duma
Granted basic civil rights to the people
Didn’t guarantee gov would function more democratically
39
Provisions of fundamental laws
Power back to the Tsar
40
Stolypin slogan
‘Suppression first then, and only then, reform’
41
Name if Stolypins main policy and what did it involve?
Wager on the strong-peasants could only buy unused land
Peasants could make their land into small holdings
Encouraged peasants to move to cities
42
What happened at Lena Goldfields?
1912 strike due to appalling conditions
Troops fired on unarmed demonstrators killing 200 and wounding 400
Increased social unrest
43
Impact of ww1 on Russia
Severe inflation 1916
Price if food and fuel quadrupled
Fuel and food shortages as railways weren’t used
Made worse by winter of 1916-17 as railways froze
44
What happened to railways during the war?
War put too much pressure on them
| Port Archangel sunk into the ground under the weight of supplies
45
Cost of ww1
3 billion roubles vs 1.5 billion in peace time
46
Level of inflation during ww1
Prices up 400% from the start of the war
47
Consequences of ww1
Nicholas forced to abdicate mainly by progressive bloc
48
What marked the development of a more coherent workers opposition movement?
Strike if st Petersburg textile workers
49
Success of Wittes great spurt
Coal doubled
iron and steel increased 7fold
Average annual increase in industrial production 7.5%
50
Evidence of corrupt social system
95% of wealth owned by 1% of pop.
51
Urban population
Doubled from 7.3 - 14.6m 1867-1897
52
How many jews sent to the pale of settlement?
6 million
53
Impact of treaty of Portsmouth
Russia forced to surrender port Arthur
| Russian leaders had to acknowledge Japanese sovereignty in Korea
54
what formed Kulaks?
Wager on the strong
55
Stolypins agrarian reform
phasing out of the village and land commune and its replacement by a large class of sturdy, independent farmers
56
Failures of stolypin reforms
group of farmers wasn't enough to modernise agriculture
by 1914 almost 2m peasant families left the mir
expansion in numbers joining wealthier peasants
57
Wittes problems
Made Russia too dependent on foreign loans and investment
Neglected vital light engineering areas
Paid no attention to agriculture
58
Reasons for Russo-Japanese war
Expansionist policy in Far East
Obtain an ice free port
Distract from domestic struggles
59
How many marchers were killed at Bloody Sunday?
200
60
Aftermath of Bloody Sunday
Nation wise strikes made worse by humiliating defeats against japan
61
Example of military mutiny
June 1905
| Battleship prince Potemkin mutinied while at sea due to poor food and drink
62
Example of Stolypin de-revolutionising peasants
All outstanding repayments cancelled
63
Similarity of wager on the strong to virgin lands
Large scale voluntary resettlement if the peasants in the aim to populate the empires remote areas e.g Siberia to turn them into food growing areas
64
Problems for Russia during ww1
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Inflation
Food supplies
Transport
The army
Role of the Tsar
Morale
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65
Gov spending during ww1
Rose to 30m roubles
66
Stations collapsing during ww1
575 railways stations collapsed by 1916
67
Impact of July Days
Spread of Soviets
Worker control of factories
Seizure of land by peasants
Creation of breakaway national minority govs e.g Ukraine
68
Lenin’s decree on land
Called for redistribution of private land
69
The First Duma and Finland
Vybary mainfesto
fall of 1st duma
Set of demands asking Finland not to pay taxes or serve in the military until the Duma was restored
70
Changes after 1905 to structure of gov.
More structured
Still advisory but checks on the Tsar e.g Council of Ministers
First elected body with representative power
Other bodies had the ability to make law e.g State council - damaged autocracy
71
Only Duma to serve its full term
third
72
How many army members joined feb. 1917 strikes?
150000
73
example of more organised peasants under Nicholas II
Black earth region revolts
74
Failures of Wager on the strong
upset due to belief the best land was still unavailable to peasants
by 1914, 2 million peasants had left Village Communes
75
Poor living conditions of WW1
1000 towns with 2m buildings
over half buildings wood = fire prone
disease spread e.g 100000 deaths from cholera in 1910 St Petersburg
Factories on edge of cities with slow transport links
work barracks overcrowded and unsanitary
76
Finland under Nicholas II
Governor = Nikolei Bobrikov
Russification
assassination of governor 1904 = tension
autonomy 1905
77
Russo-finnish relations
Full autonomy in 1905 but reneged by Stolypin the same year
78
Stolypin welfare reforms
Primary schools doubled 1905-14
