Khrushchev Flashcards
1
Q
Khrushchevs rise to power
A
1954-6
2
Q
Virgin Land Campaign began
A
1954
3
Q
Warsaw Pact
A
May 1955
4
Q
20th party Congress and secret speech
A
February 1956
5
Q
Khrushchev met with Tito
A
1955
6
Q
Sovnarkov reform
A
1957
7
Q
8 hour working
A
1958
8
Q
Khrushchev visits America
A
1959
9
Q
Shoe banging on table
A
1960
10
Q
Berlin Wall
A
1961
11
Q
Workers riots in Novochercassk
A
1962
12
Q
Cuban Missile Crisis
A
November 1962
13
Q
Test Treaty Ban
A
1963
14
Q
Fall of Khrushchev
A
1964
15
Q
What was the virgin Land Campaign?
A
Grain production to be increased by a third by harnessing land in Kazakhstan, Siberia and Volga regions
16
Q
What was the polish thaw?
A
Poland given greater freedoms
17
Q
Which party Congress was the secret speech?
A
20th
18
Q
Whar was the Sovnarkov campaign?
A
Organisation to manage seperate economic regions
19
Q
What are sovkhozs and kolkhozs?
A
Sovkhozs = state farms Kolkhoz = semistate controlled
20
Q
What was the Hungarian uprising?
A
Huge demonstration in Budapest
21
Q
What were the results of the Hungarian uprising?
A
New communist government formed
22
Q
What was the result of the test treaty ban?
A
Increased tensions with China
23
Q
What generated the 1963 soil agricultural crisis?
A
Soil erosion on Virgin Lands
24
Q
KGB formed with MVD being turned into normal police
A
1954
25
Warsaw Pact
May 1955
26
What's the Warsaw pact?
soviet military defence treaty
27
First Hydrogen bomb developed
1955
28
Why did Khrushchev meet with Tito?
Defrost relationship with Yugoslavia after Tito objected to Stalin
29
Comniform ended
September 1956
30
Polish thaw
October 1956
31
What's the Polish Thaw?
Polish granted greater freedoms
32
Hungarian Uprising
October-November 1956
33
Sputnik (first satellite in space)
1957
34
Khrushchev maize-growing campaign launched
1959
35
Agricultural crisis
1963
36
Who signed the Test-Treaty-Ban and what did it result in?
UK, Soviet and US
| Increased tensions with China
37
What was the agricultural crisis caused by?
soil erosion on Virgin Lands
38
Yalta conference
February 1945
39
Potsdam conference
July 1945
40
Trueman doctrine
March 1947
41
Berlin blockade
June 1948
42
Nato
April 1949
43
End of Berlin blockade
May 1949
44
Korean war
June 1950
45
US U-2 spy plane shot down
May 1960
46
First man in space
12th April 1961
47
Rapid deterioration of Sink-Soviet relations
June-July 1963
48
Stalin body removed from Lenins memorial
October 1961
49
Which party Congress led to Stalin body being moved
22nd
50
What happened to the MVD when the KGB formed?
Turned into body responsible for normal policing
51
How did he make collective farms larger?
Merges Kolkhozes into Sovkhozes
| Only 44000 kolkhozes in 1960
52
How many tractor stations were there?
8000
| employing 1.6m workers
53
Short term success of Virgin Land
1964=165m acres of land given to wheat
54
Long term failures of Virgin Land
1963 = grain production fell to 107m tonnes
55
How many refugees were fleeing East Berlin a day?
2600
56
Why did Khrushchev keep Ukraine under Russian control?
Too important
Major grain production
Khrushchev was P.M
57
Censorship eases facts
65000 books per year
135000 libraries containing 800 million books
Newspapers flourished
58
Evidence Mao was willing to follow De-Stalinisation
Spoke about Lenin but not Staln at 8th party Congress
| 100 flowers campaign
59
Evidence China and russia were unite and equals in 1956
Khrushchev consulted Mao before invading Hungary
60
Reason for sino-soviet split
Boarder disputed with India
Peaceful coexistence
Test-treaty ban
61
China boarder conflicts with India
Russia wanted to ally with India so didn't help China
62
Khrushchev actions which upset China
Met with Eisenhower before Mao
| Gave U.S consent to perpetuate its occupation in Taiwan and stop manufactory of nuclear weapons in China
63
Why did the 1963 Test Treaty ban upset China
Russia didn't consult China but told China not to hold nuclear weapons
64
When did Sino-soviet relations really deteriorate?
1959 onwards
Not 1956!
Fireign policy
65
Describe Khrushchevs schemes
Hair brained
66
Compare Khrushchev to Alexander ii
Reforms under ambitious
67
What position did Khrushchev initially hold?
Secretary of the Central Committee of the Bolsheviks
68
What position did Khrushchev initially hold?
Secretary of the Central Committee of the Bolsheviks
69
How did Khrushchev win the leadership struggle?
Economic debate
| Virgin lands
70
What happened at the 22nd party Congress?
Stains body removed from Lenins mausoleum, more direct and public condemnation of Stalin - blamed him for the unprepared news of the Soviet Union when Germany attacked in 1941 and fir inept leadership
71
Main elements of agricultural change under Khrushchev
Collective farms made largersv(merging Kolkhozes and Sovkhozes)
Effort to eradicate rural poverty (like stolypin)
Higher prices for produce
Virgin Lands
72
Aim of Virgin Lands
Grain production increase by a third by cultivating unused land in Kazakhstan, Siberua and the Volga region
73
Failure of Virgin Lands
Kazakhstan harvest failure 1963
74
Impact of Khrushchevs response in Hungary on Communism
Communist parties in Western Europe lost many members and declined in influence
75
Police under Khrushchev
Re-organisatikn if the MVD into the MVD and the KGB and a genuine desire to end repression saw the number of political arrests plummeted, gulags disappeared, torture of dissidents ended
76
Poles under Khrushchev
Wanted greater freedoms after the secret speech
Khrushchev gave into their demands = far less oppressed e.g peasants allowed to leave collective farms to set up independent smallholding
Catholic Church once more allowed to teach religion in schools
77
Khrushchev foreign policy
Peaceful co-existance
78
Quotes from secret speech
'Stalin trampled on the Lenunust principle of collective party leadership'
'return to the revolutionary fight for collective party leadership'
79
Impact of secret speech in Russia
Younger, better-educated people pleased
| Older people remained loyal to Stalin memory - four day protests in Tbilisi
80
Impact of secret speech on Khrushchev political position
Weaker - June 1957 Malenkov led Molotov, Kaganovich, Voroship and Bulganin in an (unsuccessful) coup
81
Impact of secret speech on satellite areas
Seemed to provide the chance to rebel against foreign domination
Unrest in Romania, Poland, Czechoslovakia and East Germany
Led to Hungarian uprising
82
Heart attack after secret speech
Polish ledwe Bierut
83
Heart attack after secret speech
Polish ledwe Bierut
84
Impact of the speech in Europe
Communist parties lost many members and declined in influence except in England and Italy
85
Khrushchevs economic innovation
The Sovnarkov reform 1957
Enterprises were no lingers under the authority of ministries but of regional councils
Plants would now obtain their supplies from within their region
Failed because competition still remained between regional councils
86
New police structure under Khrushchev
MVD I charge if internal policing
KGB in charge of external threats
Both placed under direct administration of the party rather than an individual
87
Khrushchev in Yugoslavia
Khrushchev met with Tito to re-acceot Yugoslavia as a Communist state
88
Khrushchev and Hungary
Khrushchev sent 30000 troops to deal with demonstrations killing 20000
Geri replaced with Nagy and Khrushchev promised Nagy and other European leaders more freedom
Nagy wanted to be out of the Warsaw pact
This coincide with the Suez crisis which resulted in the prospect of losing influence in the middle East
Khrushchev sent troops back into Hungary and was replaced with the pro-Sovuet Kadar
89
Khrushchev rise to power
Similar to Stalin
Secretary of the Central Committee - over half the secretaries of the Republic replaced 1953-6 all owe him so allowed hin to get votes)
Outmanouvered Beria who was eliminated 1953 for his part in the doctors plot
Malenkov Outmanouvered by economic debate and forced to resign
Molotov put down during secret speech
90
Plot to take down Khrushchev after speech
1957 by Malenkov and Molotov
| Formed and antiparty group against Khrushchev against destalinisation and peaceful co-existance
91
Changes in Soviet structure under Khrushchev
End to Comniform
92
Social change under Khrushchev
Housing programme, housing stock doubled but housing cooperatives benefited better off professionals
Until 1970 a peasant at a kolkoze wasn't allowed a passport - serf?
Education had a technological focus, - polytechnics, scrapping of school fees and creation of special academies
Some educational restrictions e.g 'official' history books
93
Cold War causes
```
Conflicting ideology
US mistrust of USSR
Churchills iron curtain speech
Trumaj3 doctrine
Marshall plan
Comniforn
Berlin Wall
```
94
Cold War impact
Nato
Test treaty van
Cuban missile crisis
95
Sino-Soviet relationship
Rapidly deteriorates 1959 onward, mutual co-existance and relations with America caused Unrest
96
Khrushchev and Czechoslovakia
Iron curtain
Nato
Cold war
97
Statistics for collective farm merging
```
1950 = 121000 Kolkhozes
1960 = 44000 Kollkhozes
```
98
How much land was given to wheat production under Khrushchev?
165m
99
Failure to simplify systems under Khrushchev
By 195e the bureaucracy managing industry had almost tripled
100
What was discovered in Poland in 1943?
Mass graces of 4231 Polish officers
Germany and Russia blames each other
Russia cut all ties
101
1952 and Poland
I position of Soviet style constitution
Renamed the people's Republic of Poland
'Poland had been hermetically sealed off from the outsider world, and not just by the three hundred km of barbed wire entanglements and 1200 watchtowers surrounding it', - historian
102
Examples of Polish thaw
Wladyslaw Gomulka (Polish communist arrested under Stalin) released and took over leadership
Peasants allowed to leave collectives and set up small holdings
Catholic Church once more allowed to teach religion in schools
103
Ukraine under Khrushchev
Too important
Still under full Russian control
Khrushchev has been PM
104
Why has Stalin and Tito disagreed?
Tito objected to centralisation
| Khrushchev strengthened relations by meeting Tito and abandoning Comniforn 1956
105
Why did Stalin fear Hungary?
By 1949 nearly 1/4 million communist party members were expelled
Stalin placed a repressive Stalinist Matyas Rakoski in charge
106
Khrushchev pre Hungarian uprising
With Tito backing, Khrushchev placed the more Liberal Erno Gero in charge
Gero Ali gside secret speech raised hoped which developed into uprising
107
Results of Hungarian uprising
Khrushchev sent a clear message to Eastern European leaders that he wasn't willing to leseen Soviet control
The sweet realised Khrushchev was willing or idk global conflict
Mao supported Khrushchevs decisions and it temporarily eased tensions that had emerged over ideology
108
Growing tensions with US
1950s summit meeting agreed
1st May 1960 American U2 spy plane and Gary Piwes captured plus forced to admit it was a spy plane despite lying previously
14th May summit meeting where Khrushchev demanded Eisenhower apolifse he refused so there was no test treaty
109
Construction of Berlin Wall facts
26oo refugees feeling the East through West Berlin, many skilled workers
Damaging as Communists sckauned Communism provided a better life than Capitalism
Khrushchev proposed US gov. Left Berlin
Kennedy refused so Berlin Wall constructed by Khrushchev
110
What was the Suez crisis?
Invasion of Egypt in 1956 by Israel to regain Western control on Middle east
Coincided with Hungarian uprising so K worried about losing control and sent men back to replace Hungarian gov.
111
Bad impacts of Hungarian uprising
Khrushchev appeared to have resorted to Stalinist tactics and Liberal prospects suffered
Denting of prospect of communism spreading
Over 2599 Hungarians and 700 Soviet troops killed
200000 Hungarians fled
112
Importance kf Mao praise Khrushchev for going into Hungary?
Y3s
Important due to negative response from West
Agreed on the tough line that should be taken
Mao reasurred about Khrushchevs in tensions after worried due to the Secret speech
Initially Mao opposed a second intervention and this was passed by Khrushchev who agreed but Mao then changed his mind
The fact Khrushchev needed consent from Mao shows their relationship as equals
113
Worries of Eastern bloc crumbling in 1956
1953 uprising in East zbeelin
Workers revolt in Poland June 1956
Maos decision in Hungary prevented the break up of the bloc
114
The army post ww2
Reduction from 3.6m 5o 2.4 m
115
Khrushchev minitry of agriculture
Changes to advisory body rather than implementary
116
Novocerkassk riots
KGB killed 23 protestor
| Khrushchev not fully Liberal
117
Housing under Khrushchev
1955-64 housing stick doubled and communal living abandoned
118
Baltics indeed Khrushchev
More stable
SU control
Mass deportation
119
Khrushchev and Jews
Number of prominent Jewish technical specialists executed for anti-Communist activity
120
Khrushchev and Yugoslavia
Relationship strengthened by visit
Strengthened by abandonment of Comniforn 1956
Yugoslavua breaks out of the SU but remains under Communist control - start of de-stalinisation - contributes to start of Hungarian uprising
121
Cold War challenges
Confltcing ideologies
Space race
Proxy war
122
Cold War success
```
Cuban missile crusus
SU bomb
Space race
Improved relations with tito
Corageous failure
```
123
Cold War failure
Corageous failure
Expensive
Reason for hsu fall
Berlin
Increasing tensions goes against peaceful co-existance
Rapid deterioration of Sino-Soviet relations
124
Religion under Khrushchev
Churches demolished leaving only 7500 places of worship
125
Khrushchev economic humiliation
Resorted to importing grain from US
Farners urged to grow maize
85 million acres plant but only 1/6 harvested was ripe - waste if land
Shortages caused a rise in the price of meat and dairy products - Novocerkassk riots
126
Khrushchev and industry
Seven year plan 1959
Heavy emphasis on power stations, natural gas, oil and coal reserved
Coal increased to 578 tonnes
127
Living conditions under Khrushchev
By 1968 50% of Soviet households had a television and a washinf machine
128
Russia winning the space race
1957 sputnik - 'beep beep on the streets of Moscow!'
Laika dog
1959 landed red flag on the moon abs photographs of the dark side
April 1961 first man Yiri Gagarin
Huge investment of resources, the money of which could have benefited Russia and its citizens
129
Khrushchevs fall
October 1964 yhr Praesidium was summoned and his leadership attacked
Central committee confirmed the decision
130
What did Khrushchev say were problems in agriculture
Fewer farm animals than ore revolution
Farners income low due to low State procurements
Productivity low
High taxes on farmers
131
What was the Second Taiwan crisis
1958
China wanted to bring Taiwan into its control
Russia doesn't back china
