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Russia > Khrushchev > Flashcards

Khrushchev Flashcards

1
Q

Khrushchevs rise to power

A

1954-6

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2
Q

Virgin Land Campaign began

A

1954

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3
Q

Warsaw Pact

A

May 1955

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4
Q

20th party Congress and secret speech

A

February 1956

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5
Q

Khrushchev met with Tito

A

1955

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6
Q

Sovnarkov reform

A

1957

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7
Q

8 hour working

A

1958

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8
Q

Khrushchev visits America

A

1959

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9
Q

Shoe banging on table

A

1960

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10
Q

Berlin Wall

A

1961

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11
Q

Workers riots in Novochercassk

A

1962

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12
Q

Cuban Missile Crisis

A

November 1962

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13
Q

Test Treaty Ban

A

1963

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14
Q

Fall of Khrushchev

A

1964

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15
Q

What was the virgin Land Campaign?

A

Grain production to be increased by a third by harnessing land in Kazakhstan, Siberia and Volga regions

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16
Q

What was the polish thaw?

A

Poland given greater freedoms

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17
Q

Which party Congress was the secret speech?

A

20th

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18
Q

Whar was the Sovnarkov campaign?

A

Organisation to manage seperate economic regions

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19
Q

What are sovkhozs and kolkhozs?

A 
Sovkhozs = state farms
Kolkhoz = semistate controlled
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20
Q

What was the Hungarian uprising?

A

Huge demonstration in Budapest

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21
Q

What were the results of the Hungarian uprising?

A

New communist government formed

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22
Q

What was the result of the test treaty ban?

A

Increased tensions with China

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23
Q

What generated the 1963 soil agricultural crisis?

A

Soil erosion on Virgin Lands

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24
Q

KGB formed with MVD being turned into normal police

A

1954

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25
Q

Warsaw Pact

A

May 1955

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26
Q

What’s the Warsaw pact?

A

soviet military defence treaty

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27
Q

First Hydrogen bomb developed

A

1955

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28
Q

Why did Khrushchev meet with Tito?

A

Defrost relationship with Yugoslavia after Tito objected to Stalin

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29
Q

Comniform ended

A

September 1956

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30
Q

Polish thaw

A

October 1956

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31
Q

What’s the Polish Thaw?

A

Polish granted greater freedoms

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32
Q

Hungarian Uprising

A

October-November 1956

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33
Q

Sputnik (first satellite in space)

A

1957

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34
Q

Khrushchev maize-growing campaign launched

A

1959

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35
Q

Agricultural crisis

A

1963

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36
Q

Who signed the Test-Treaty-Ban and what did it result in?

A

UK, Soviet and US

Increased tensions with China

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37
Q

What was the agricultural crisis caused by?

A

soil erosion on Virgin Lands

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38
Q

Yalta conference

A

February 1945

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39
Q

Potsdam conference

A

July 1945

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40
Q

Trueman doctrine

A

March 1947

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41
Q

Berlin blockade

A

June 1948

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42
Q

Nato

A

April 1949

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43
Q

End of Berlin blockade

A

May 1949

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44
Q

Korean war

A

June 1950

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45
Q

US U-2 spy plane shot down

A

May 1960

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46
Q

First man in space

A

12th April 1961

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47
Q

Rapid deterioration of Sink-Soviet relations

A

June-July 1963

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48
Q

Stalin body removed from Lenins memorial

A

October 1961

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49
Q

Which party Congress led to Stalin body being moved

A

22nd

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50
Q

What happened to the MVD when the KGB formed?

A

Turned into body responsible for normal policing

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51
Q

How did he make collective farms larger?

A

Merges Kolkhozes into Sovkhozes

Only 44000 kolkhozes in 1960

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52
Q

How many tractor stations were there?

A

8000

employing 1.6m workers

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53
Q

Short term success of Virgin Land

A

1964=165m acres of land given to wheat

54
Q

Long term failures of Virgin Land

A

1963 = grain production fell to 107m tonnes

55
Q

How many refugees were fleeing East Berlin a day?

A

2600

56
Q

Why did Khrushchev keep Ukraine under Russian control?

A

Too important
Major grain production
Khrushchev was P.M

57
Q

Censorship eases facts

A

65000 books per year
135000 libraries containing 800 million books
Newspapers flourished

58
Q

Evidence Mao was willing to follow De-Stalinisation

A

Spoke about Lenin but not Staln at 8th party Congress

100 flowers campaign

59
Q

Evidence China and russia were unite and equals in 1956

A

Khrushchev consulted Mao before invading Hungary

60
Q

Reason for sino-soviet split

A

Boarder disputed with India
Peaceful coexistence
Test-treaty ban

61
Q

China boarder conflicts with India

A

Russia wanted to ally with India so didn’t help China

62
Q

Khrushchev actions which upset China

A

Met with Eisenhower before Mao

Gave U.S consent to perpetuate its occupation in Taiwan and stop manufactory of nuclear weapons in China

63
Q

Why did the 1963 Test Treaty ban upset China

A

Russia didn’t consult China but told China not to hold nuclear weapons

64
Q

When did Sino-soviet relations really deteriorate?

A

1959 onwards
Not 1956!
Fireign policy

65
Q

Describe Khrushchevs schemes

A

Hair brained

66
Q

Compare Khrushchev to Alexander ii

A

Reforms under ambitious

67
Q

What position did Khrushchev initially hold?

A

Secretary of the Central Committee of the Bolsheviks

68
Q

What position did Khrushchev initially hold?

A

Secretary of the Central Committee of the Bolsheviks

69
Q

How did Khrushchev win the leadership struggle?

A

Economic debate

Virgin lands

70
Q

What happened at the 22nd party Congress?

A

Stains body removed from Lenins mausoleum, more direct and public condemnation of Stalin - blamed him for the unprepared news of the Soviet Union when Germany attacked in 1941 and fir inept leadership

71
Q

Main elements of agricultural change under Khrushchev

A

Collective farms made largersv(merging Kolkhozes and Sovkhozes)
Effort to eradicate rural poverty (like stolypin)
Higher prices for produce
Virgin Lands

72
Q

Aim of Virgin Lands

A

Grain production increase by a third by cultivating unused land in Kazakhstan, Siberua and the Volga region

73
Q

Failure of Virgin Lands

A

Kazakhstan harvest failure 1963

74
Q

Impact of Khrushchevs response in Hungary on Communism

A

Communist parties in Western Europe lost many members and declined in influence

75
Q

Police under Khrushchev

A

Re-organisatikn if the MVD into the MVD and the KGB and a genuine desire to end repression saw the number of political arrests plummeted, gulags disappeared, torture of dissidents ended

76
Q

Poles under Khrushchev

A

Wanted greater freedoms after the secret speech
Khrushchev gave into their demands = far less oppressed e.g peasants allowed to leave collective farms to set up independent smallholding
Catholic Church once more allowed to teach religion in schools

77
Q

Khrushchev foreign policy

A

Peaceful co-existance

78
Q

Quotes from secret speech

A

‘Stalin trampled on the Lenunust principle of collective party leadership’
‘return to the revolutionary fight for collective party leadership’

79
Q

Impact of secret speech in Russia

A

Younger, better-educated people pleased

Older people remained loyal to Stalin memory - four day protests in Tbilisi

80
Q

Impact of secret speech on Khrushchev political position

A

Weaker - June 1957 Malenkov led Molotov, Kaganovich, Voroship and Bulganin in an (unsuccessful) coup

81
Q

Impact of secret speech on satellite areas

A

Seemed to provide the chance to rebel against foreign domination
Unrest in Romania, Poland, Czechoslovakia and East Germany
Led to Hungarian uprising

82
Q

Heart attack after secret speech

A

Polish ledwe Bierut

83
Q

Heart attack after secret speech

A

Polish ledwe Bierut

84
Q

Impact of the speech in Europe

A

Communist parties lost many members and declined in influence except in England and Italy

85
Q

Khrushchevs economic innovation

A

The Sovnarkov reform 1957
Enterprises were no lingers under the authority of ministries but of regional councils
Plants would now obtain their supplies from within their region
Failed because competition still remained between regional councils

86
Q

New police structure under Khrushchev

A

MVD I charge if internal policing
KGB in charge of external threats
Both placed under direct administration of the party rather than an individual

87
Q

Khrushchev in Yugoslavia

A

Khrushchev met with Tito to re-acceot Yugoslavia as a Communist state

88
Q

Khrushchev and Hungary

A

Khrushchev sent 30000 troops to deal with demonstrations killing 20000
Geri replaced with Nagy and Khrushchev promised Nagy and other European leaders more freedom
Nagy wanted to be out of the Warsaw pact
This coincide with the Suez crisis which resulted in the prospect of losing influence in the middle East
Khrushchev sent troops back into Hungary and was replaced with the pro-Sovuet Kadar

89
Q

Khrushchev rise to power

A

Similar to Stalin
Secretary of the Central Committee - over half the secretaries of the Republic replaced 1953-6 all owe him so allowed hin to get votes)
Outmanouvered Beria who was eliminated 1953 for his part in the doctors plot
Malenkov Outmanouvered by economic debate and forced to resign
Molotov put down during secret speech

90
Q

Plot to take down Khrushchev after speech

A

1957 by Malenkov and Molotov

Formed and antiparty group against Khrushchev against destalinisation and peaceful co-existance

91
Q

Changes in Soviet structure under Khrushchev

A

End to Comniform

92
Q

Social change under Khrushchev

A

Housing programme, housing stock doubled but housing cooperatives benefited better off professionals
Until 1970 a peasant at a kolkoze wasn’t allowed a passport - serf?
Education had a technological focus, - polytechnics, scrapping of school fees and creation of special academies
Some educational restrictions e.g ‘official’ history books

93
Q

Cold War causes

A 
Conflicting ideology
US mistrust of USSR
Churchills iron curtain speech
Trumaj3 doctrine
Marshall plan
Comniforn
Berlin Wall
94
Q

Cold War impact

A

Nato
Test treaty van
Cuban missile crisis

95
Q

Sino-Soviet relationship

A

Rapidly deteriorates 1959 onward, mutual co-existance and relations with America caused Unrest

96
Q

Khrushchev and Czechoslovakia

A

Iron curtain
Nato
Cold war

97
Q

Statistics for collective farm merging

A 
1950 = 121000 Kolkhozes
1960 = 44000 Kollkhozes
98
Q

How much land was given to wheat production under Khrushchev?

A

165m

99
Q

Failure to simplify systems under Khrushchev

A

By 195e the bureaucracy managing industry had almost tripled

100
Q

What was discovered in Poland in 1943?

A

Mass graces of 4231 Polish officers
Germany and Russia blames each other
Russia cut all ties

101
Q

1952 and Poland

A

I position of Soviet style constitution
Renamed the people’s Republic of Poland
‘Poland had been hermetically sealed off from the outsider world, and not just by the three hundred km of barbed wire entanglements and 1200 watchtowers surrounding it’, - historian

102
Q

Examples of Polish thaw

A

Wladyslaw Gomulka (Polish communist arrested under Stalin) released and took over leadership
Peasants allowed to leave collectives and set up small holdings
Catholic Church once more allowed to teach religion in schools

103
Q

Ukraine under Khrushchev

A

Too important
Still under full Russian control
Khrushchev has been PM

104
Q

Why has Stalin and Tito disagreed?

A

Tito objected to centralisation

Khrushchev strengthened relations by meeting Tito and abandoning Comniforn 1956

105
Q

Why did Stalin fear Hungary?

A

By 1949 nearly 1/4 million communist party members were expelled
Stalin placed a repressive Stalinist Matyas Rakoski in charge

106
Q

Khrushchev pre Hungarian uprising

A

With Tito backing, Khrushchev placed the more Liberal Erno Gero in charge
Gero Ali gside secret speech raised hoped which developed into uprising

107
Q

Results of Hungarian uprising

A

Khrushchev sent a clear message to Eastern European leaders that he wasn’t willing to leseen Soviet control
The sweet realised Khrushchev was willing or idk global conflict
Mao supported Khrushchevs decisions and it temporarily eased tensions that had emerged over ideology

108
Q

Growing tensions with US

A

1950s summit meeting agreed
1st May 1960 American U2 spy plane and Gary Piwes captured plus forced to admit it was a spy plane despite lying previously
14th May summit meeting where Khrushchev demanded Eisenhower apolifse he refused so there was no test treaty

109
Q

Construction of Berlin Wall facts

A

26oo refugees feeling the East through West Berlin, many skilled workers
Damaging as Communists sckauned Communism provided a better life than Capitalism
Khrushchev proposed US gov. Left Berlin
Kennedy refused so Berlin Wall constructed by Khrushchev

110
Q

What was the Suez crisis?

A

Invasion of Egypt in 1956 by Israel to regain Western control on Middle east
Coincided with Hungarian uprising so K worried about losing control and sent men back to replace Hungarian gov.

111
Q

Bad impacts of Hungarian uprising

A

Khrushchev appeared to have resorted to Stalinist tactics and Liberal prospects suffered
Denting of prospect of communism spreading
Over 2599 Hungarians and 700 Soviet troops killed
200000 Hungarians fled

112
Q

Importance kf Mao praise Khrushchev for going into Hungary?

A

Y3s
Important due to negative response from West
Agreed on the tough line that should be taken
Mao reasurred about Khrushchevs in tensions after worried due to the Secret speech
Initially Mao opposed a second intervention and this was passed by Khrushchev who agreed but Mao then changed his mind
The fact Khrushchev needed consent from Mao shows their relationship as equals

113
Q

Worries of Eastern bloc crumbling in 1956

A

1953 uprising in East zbeelin
Workers revolt in Poland June 1956
Maos decision in Hungary prevented the break up of the bloc

114
Q

The army post ww2

A

Reduction from 3.6m 5o 2.4 m

115
Q

Khrushchev minitry of agriculture

A

Changes to advisory body rather than implementary

116
Q

Novocerkassk riots

A

KGB killed 23 protestor

Khrushchev not fully Liberal

117
Q

Housing under Khrushchev

A

1955-64 housing stick doubled and communal living abandoned

118
Q

Baltics indeed Khrushchev

A

More stable
SU control
Mass deportation

119
Q

Khrushchev and Jews

A

Number of prominent Jewish technical specialists executed for anti-Communist activity

120
Q

Khrushchev and Yugoslavia

A

Relationship strengthened by visit
Strengthened by abandonment of Comniforn 1956
Yugoslavua breaks out of the SU but remains under Communist control - start of de-stalinisation - contributes to start of Hungarian uprising

121
Q

Cold War challenges

A

Confltcing ideologies
Space race
Proxy war

122
Q

Cold War success

A 
Cuban missile crusus
SU bomb
Space race
Improved relations with tito
Corageous failure
123
Q

Cold War failure

A

Corageous failure
Expensive
Reason for hsu fall
Berlin
Increasing tensions goes against peaceful co-existance
Rapid deterioration of Sino-Soviet relations

124
Q

Religion under Khrushchev

A

Churches demolished leaving only 7500 places of worship

125
Q

Khrushchev economic humiliation

A

Resorted to importing grain from US
Farners urged to grow maize
85 million acres plant but only 1/6 harvested was ripe - waste if land
Shortages caused a rise in the price of meat and dairy products - Novocerkassk riots

126
Q

Khrushchev and industry

A

Seven year plan 1959
Heavy emphasis on power stations, natural gas, oil and coal reserved
Coal increased to 578 tonnes

127
Q

Living conditions under Khrushchev

A

By 1968 50% of Soviet households had a television and a washinf machine

128
Q

Russia winning the space race

A

1957 sputnik - ‘beep beep on the streets of Moscow!’
Laika dog
1959 landed red flag on the moon abs photographs of the dark side
April 1961 first man Yiri Gagarin
Huge investment of resources, the money of which could have benefited Russia and its citizens

129
Q

Khrushchevs fall

A

October 1964 yhr Praesidium was summoned and his leadership attacked
Central committee confirmed the decision

130
Q

What did Khrushchev say were problems in agriculture

A

Fewer farm animals than ore revolution
Farners income low due to low State procurements
Productivity low
High taxes on farmers

131
Q

What was the Second Taiwan crisis

A

1958
China wanted to bring Taiwan into its control
Russia doesn’t back china

Russia (8 decks)

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