Alexander ii Flashcards
1
Q
Accession of Alexander ii - Tsar Liberator
A
1855
2
Q
Defeat in Crimean war
A
1856
3
Q
Emancipation
A
1861
4
Q
Finish parliament (Diet)
A
1863
5
Q
Zemstvo
A
1864
6
Q
Censorship regulations eased
A
1865
7
Q
First assassination attempt on Alexander ii
A
1866
8
Q
Local Urban Dumas
A
1870
9
Q
Growth of opposition
A
1874-81
10
Q
Ukraine censorship decree
A
1876
11
Q
Russo Turkish war
A
1877-78
12
Q
Treaty of San Stefano
A
1878
13
Q
Okhrana established
A
1880
14
Q
Constitutional proposals
A
1881
15
Q
1881
A
Constitutional proposals
Assassination of Alexander ii
16
Q
Why was the Russo-Turkish war a shock?
A
Struggle to win as turkey smaller
Showed the weakness of military reform
17
Q
Treaty of San Stefano outline
A
Land gain
Russia defender of the people
18
Q
Why was the Congress of Berlin humiliating
A
Smaller powers asserted themselves over Russia
19
Q
Committee of Ministers established
A
1861
20
Q
Replaced the personal Chancellery if his Imperial Majesty with the Council of Ministers
A
1861
21
Q
Polish revolt
A
1863
22
Q
Ukraine Censorship decree
A
1863
23
Q
Legal reforms
A
1864
24
Q
Finnish constitution
A
1865
25
Congress of Berlin
1878
26
Assassination of Alexander ii
1881
27
What was Alexander 2nds nickname?
The Tsar Liberator
28
What event started the emancipation?
Crimean war
29
What were the nobility of landowners called?
Dvoriane
30
What did Alexander say about serfdom?
It is better to destroy serfdom from above than to wait until that time when it begins to destroy itself from below
31
Who essentially decided the terms of the emancipation?
Dvoriane
32
How much lad did peasants actually receive after emancipation?
1/3
33
Who were peasants tied to after emancipation?
Mir
34
How much peasant income came from farming after the emancipation?
Only half by 1900
35
How long were redemption payments held for?
49 years
36
How much land did peasants lose after the emancipation?
| Where was this particularly bad?
Ukraine - lost 30.8%
37
How many peasants didn't have land following the emancipation?
2-3 million
38
How did the mir control peasants?
Needed a passport to travel more than 20 miles
39
Local Urban Dumas
1870
40
Use of repression
Okhrana
41
Treatment if Russian people
Russification
Glastnist
Pro Jewish policies
42
Polish Emancipating
1864
43
What year was the Crimean war?
1854
44
What did Alexander ii say about serfdom?
It is better to abolish serfdom from above then to wait for the day it begins to abolish itself from below
45
Who were peasants now tied to?
The Mir
46
How much of peasants income came from farming after the Emancipation?
Only half by 1900
47
How long we’re redemption payments held for?
49 years
48
How much land do peasants lose after the Emancipation and where was it particularly bad
Ukraine lost 30.8%
49
How many peasants lost land following the Emancipation?
2-3 million
50
How did the Mir control peasants?
Needed a passport to travel more than 20 miles
51
Good policies if Emancipation?
Table to marry without third party consent, hold property and couldn’t be bought or sold
52
Example if judicial reform
Trial by jury
53
Example if education reform
Curriculum modernised
54
How much did students increase by?
Doubled to 800000 during the first decade if Alexander is reign
55
Who was minister of war?
Militin
56
What was the aim of military reforms?
More effective
57
Example of military reform
Service reduced from 25-15 years
58
Evidence military position improved?
Participation on Treaty if San Stefano
59
Example of economic reform
Unified treasury
60
We’re economic reforms successful?
Yes
61
Evidence Emancipation failed
Polish revolt 1863
Going to the people 1874
Failed assassination attempt 1866
Assassination 1881
62
Significance of going to the people?
Developed a political consciousness
| Later insurrections
63
Key group against the Tsar?
The third Element
64
Example of political change
Abolished the ‘personal chancellery of his imperial majesty’ and replaced it with the ‘council of ministers’
65
What did the Polish uprising show about Alexander ii?
His repression
| Not necessarily the Tsar Liberator
66
Examples of Russification after the Polish Uprising
Criminalising displays of Polish culture and on the Polish language, Catholic Churches shut down and their land given to Russians, Russian made the official language
67
Treatment of Jews under Alexander ii
Allowed to migrate from the Pale of Settlement
68
Nationalities and we Alexander ii
Poland - Russification after Polish revolt
Ukraine - 2 decrees 1863 and 1876 that stopped the publication and importation of books in Ukrainian
Finland - own Diet 1865
69
Two treaties which ended the Russo-Turkish war
Treaty of San Stefano
| Congress of Berlin
70
Why does Glastnost mean
Openness
71
Alexander ii and police force
Replaced the third section with the Okhrana in 1881
72
Who were economic ministers under Alexander ii?
Reutern and Hughes
73
What economic change did Reutern make?
Railway construction, foreign expertise and investment
74
What were economic policies inhibited by?
Russo-Turkish war
75
Stats for increase in railway construction
7-food increase of railway tract from 1862-1878
| Doubled industrial output whilst Reutern was in office
76
What was the trial of the 50?
Imprisoned key populists
| 1877
77
What did the liberals question?
the 'administrative monopoly of officialdom'
78
What did Leo Tolstoy state about the army?
'we have no army, we have a hoard of slaves cowed by discipline, ordered by thieves and by slave traders'
79
How many primary schools in 1880?
2300
80
Why did law reforms have imperfections?
shortage of trained lawyers and interference from the bureaucracy
existence of peasant courts negated equality before law
81
Example of legal system still being corrupt
vera Zasulich case = she was released despite attempted murder as she was 'justified'
82
Minister of the Interior under Alexander ii
P.A Valuev
83
What did P.A Valuev do?
persuade Alexander ii to limit local assemblies
Zemstva presidents appointed rather than elected
Zemstvas not allowed to levy taxes
84
Who controlled school?
Zemstva through school boards
85
Increase in primary schools under Alexander ii
from 8000 in 1856 to over 23000 in 1880
86
1863 statue
allowed universities to exercise administrative authority
87
What effected liberalisation
Golovnin (Minister of education) and assassination attempts
88
Who was minister of finance under Alexander ii and what did he do?
```
Reutern
Created a unified treasury and centralised departmental accounts
Public budget 1861
System of gov. excise 1863
Improved gov. audits
```
89
Chief of administration in Poland
Alexander Wielpolski
90
Reasons for Polish uprising
Reforms in Poland limited
growing opposition e.g polish autonomy
forced conscription
91
Response of Russia to Polish uprising
Polish Emancipation 1864 - better than Russian
Russification
Milyutin in control of Poland
92
Milyutin plan in Poland
Polish nobility exiled to Siberia and their estates transferred to Russian officials
Zemstva type councils
93
Reasons for Polish uprising failure
Guerrilla rebels
Russian military power
Limited foreign help
94
Finland under Alexander ii
```
Independence
1863 Diet
1865 constitution
Not as important as no gain
No push for Nationalism
```
95
Ukraine under Alexander ii
Bread Basket of Europe
Nationalism surge (similar to Poland)
Russification (decrees of 1863 + 1876)
96
Poland and Alexander ii
Buffer state + fertile land
1863 polish revolt
repression/russification
97
Baltics under Alexander ii
Raw resources + high in business value
wealthy
Natural Russification
98
Central Asia under Alexander ii
Expanded but no Russification
Exploited for resources
Gain access to far East
99
Key points of Russo-Turkish war
Struggle to win - shock as Turkey smaller
Weaknesses still in Milyutins reforms
Success of engineering - finding a way to cross the Danube
100
Treaty of San Stefano
Success
Land gain
Defender of the people
101
Congress of Berlin
Failure
| Smaller powers asserted themselves over Russia
102
How much did land owned by Nobility reduce by?
40% by 1905
103
Difference between the OKhrana and the Third section?
Okhrana less oppressive
104
Alexander ii more liberal approach to newspapers
89 newspapers in 1894
105
Problem of growing intellectuals under Alexander ii
4000 university students in the countryside to educate peasants
106
Reutern reforms
1862-78
| Foreign investment and expertise
107
Railway construction under Alexander ii
Corruption due to high cost of construction - 94% of railway lines in private hands by 1880
108
Hughes under Alexander ii
encouraged foreign investment and expertise
| 32000 Welsh Russians by 1904
109
Alexander ii and secondary schools
'new code'
new subjects e.g languages and science
Dmitri Tolstoy (Minister of education) against it so started a campaign for unis to only accept classic gymnasia students - manipulated system so middle class excluded
110
Russian control of Central Asia
Much of Central Asia under Russian control by 1880
| Living space and raw materials
111
Evidence Alexander iis reforms weren't due to the Crimean war
Increasing unrest
| Constitutional proposals
112
Success of reforms post Crimean war
over 20 000 km of track built 1861-1878
modernised army and training for officers
increase in communication network
113
What did Alexander iis reforms encourage?
growth of intelligensia
114
Other Alexander ii liberal reforms
release of all Decembrists who had tried to overthrow his father in 1825
Amnesty to Poles who rebelled 1839-31
26000 passports given out in 1859
115
Civil unrest due to Emancipation
647 incidents of peasants rioting in the four months following
Troops used in 449 cases
116
Result of Alexander iis army reforms
Every man over 20 liable to conscription
| military reserve raised from 210000 to 553000 by 1870
117
Censorship under Alexander ii
1865 new rules to guide wtiters
| 1873, Ministry of the Interior given power to forbid topics from discussion
118
Growth of Industrial workforce
from 860000 to 1320000 by 1887
119
End of reform
1860s
Assassination attempt?
Had completed his limited reform?
120
Corruption in judicial reform
trial of 193
kept secret
plea for leniency to the Tsar ignored
Trail of populists 'going to the people'
121
What were the nobility of the landowners called?
Dvoriane
122
Who essentially decide the terms of the Emancipation?
The Dvoriane
123
How much land did peasants actually receive?
1/3
124
Steppe statute
1891
Granted 40 acres of land to peasant settlers
Like 1910 stolypin push for migration
125
Evidence Zmestvas were limited
1917 = still 37 provinces without a Zemstva
