Nicholas II Flashcards

1
Q

When did Nicholas II come to power?

A

1894

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2
Q

How did Nicholas II come to power?

A

After Alexander III’s death

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3
Q

What did Alexander III die from?

A

Kidney disease

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4
Q

How did Nicholas II feel about becoming Tsar?

A

He did not want to, lacked confidence, unprepared

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5
Q

How was Nicholas II described?

A

As weak, stubborn unorganized

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6
Q

Who influenced Nicholas II?

A

His father (Alexander III) and Pobedonostsev

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7
Q

What was Nicholas II commited to?

A

Tsarist conservatism

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8
Q

What did Nicholas II believe about democracy?

A

That it would be the collapse of the Russian Empire

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9
Q

What did Nicholas II’s wife, Tsarina Alexandra, support Nicholas II in?

A

His refusal to adapt politically to changing social and economic conditions

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10
Q

What did Russia need in order to compete and remain a “great power”

A

Modernization and industrialization

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11
Q

What was needed for Russia to remain a military power?

A

Industrial economy

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12
Q

What did Russia have to move away from to industrialize the economy?

A

an agriculture-dominated economy

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13
Q

What did the inefficient agricultural economy struggle to do in Russia?

A

Feed the growing population, provide government with a surplus for national security

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14
Q

What were the ‘peasant problems’?

A

‘land hunger’, low income, debt, starvation

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15
Q

What could Russia’s ‘peasant problem’ lead to?

A

Revolts, uprisings, threatened stability of tsarist regime

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16
Q

What did modernization lead to?

A

calls for parliament/democracy by industrial working class in poor conditions, greater opposition to tsarist regime

17
Q

What was Nicholas II’s key issue?

A

he had to get political benefits of economic modernization without making concesstions to epposition calls for political change

18
Q

What was Nicholas II’s key aim?

A

Modernize without revolution

19
Q

Why was agriculture so inefficient/backwards?

A

Medieval farm tools were used, old-fashioned land usage

20
Q

Why was Russia’s industrial output still at a low level compared to Wester Europe?

A

they had an underdeveloped banking system, serfdom prevented available source of workers, communication, transport system

21
Q

Who was the Minister of Finance in 1992-1993?

A

Sergei Witte

22
Q

What did Sergei Witte believe?

A

Russia had to industrialize, development could avoid dependency on more developed economies and create a strong modern state in Russia

23
Q

What was Witte’s four-fold plan to fund program of capital investment?

A
  1. protective tariffs on foreign goods
  2. attraction of foreign capital (loans from France)
  3. Placing currency on Gold Standard to encourage more foreign investment
  4. Squeezing resources out of peasantry, workers through low wages, high taxes, exporting ‘surplus’ grain