Newman, VG Flashcards

1
Q

Clinical features seen when Hb falls below 7-8

A

pallor, sleepiness, irritability, decreased exercise tolerance, flow murmur (grade 2-3, systolic ejection, crescendo-decrescendo, between LLSB and apex).

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2
Q

MCV and RDW in IDA vs. Lead-Poisoning

A

IDA: slight decrease in MCV, slight increases in RDW
Lead: slight decrease in MCV, HUGE INCREASE in RDW

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3
Q

Anemia caused by decreased RBC production caused by ineffective/incomplete or complete failure of erythropiesis results in: ____ # of reticulocytes

A

low or normal number of reticulocytes (inadequate marrow response to anemia)

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4
Q

Anemia caused by increased destruction or loss of RBC due to hemolysis, sequestration, or bleeding results in _____ # of reticulocytes

A

normal number (normal marrow response to anemia)

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5
Q

Three most common causes of microcytic anemias in kids:

A

IDA, Lead poisoning, thalassemia

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6
Q

Physical findings for fanconi anemia

A

Microcornea, hyperpigementation of the skin

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7
Q

Physical findings for Vit B12 deficiency

A

glossitis, mouth sores

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8
Q

Physical findings for Diamond-Blackfan Syndrome

A

Shield chest

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9
Q

Physiologic nadir of Hct/Hb occurs when?

A

6-8 weeks

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10
Q

Define Diamond-Blackfan Syndrome, avg age of dx, and lab findings

A
  • Perfect example of a PURE red cell aplasia due to increased apoptosis in erythroid precursors.
  • Avg dx is at 3mo (neonatal pallor progressing to sx anemia)
  • MACROcytic with low retic count
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11
Q

Define Fanconi Anemia, avg age of dx, and lab findings

A

A pancytopenia due to increased apoptosis of marrow progenitor cells.

  • 8yo (cafe-au-lait, low briht wt, thumb/renal/eye abnormalities)
  • MICROcytic
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12
Q

IDA, avg age of dx, and lab findings

A

Highest risk from 6-36mo

  • MICROcytic with elevated RDW, possible target cells
  • increased transferritin, low iron/ferritin
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13
Q

Sickle cell inheritance pattern and lab findings.

A

AR

basophilic stippling, reticulocytosis, hemolysis, HgbS on electrophoresis

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14
Q

What is often associated with birth trauma - can cause mental status changes, jaundice, tachycardia, tachypnea, increased HC, normal retic, low Hgb (~9) in a newborn

A

subgleal hemorrhage brith trauma (vacuum/forceps)

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15
Q

Mentzer Index

A

Used to differentiate between iron deficiency and thalassemia.
MCV/RBC. greater than 13 suggests iron deficiency (decreased RBC#); less than 13 suggests thalassemia (normal RBC#)

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16
Q

Normocytic anemia in older child with a low retic count = ?

A

Marrow hypofunction –> ddx: leukemia

17
Q

Most common cause of thrombocytopenia in kids - ISOLATED THROMBOCP in the absence of any obvious initiating or underlying cause

A

Acute ITP

18
Q

Clinical manifestations of ITP

A

petechiae, purpura, ecchymoses, gingival bleed, epitaxis, menorrhagia, GI bleed, hematuria, CNS hemorrhage

19
Q

Platelet:
Normal count, Primary hemostasis impaired when below___, spontaneous bleeding below ___, clinically significant bleeding below___, life threatening hemorrhage below____.

A
  • Normal count - 150,000 to 450,000
  • Primary hemostasis impaired when below 75,000
  • Spontaneous bleeding below 50,000
  • Clinically significant bleeding below 20,000
  • Life threatening hemorrhage below 10,000
20
Q

Four main causes of thrombocytopenia

A

Decreased platelet production, decreased platelet survival, sequestration, dilution

21
Q

Anemia and leukopenia, then consider what?

A

Marrow failure/infiltration

22
Q

Most common viral infection caused by marrow suppression

A

Parvo, CMV, HIV, EBV, varicella

23
Q

Causes of decreased platelet production (5)

A
  1. Marrow failure or infiltration
  2. Infection
  3. Cyanotic heart disease
  4. nutritional deficiencies
  5. genetic defects
24
Q

Sudden onset of bruising/petechiae or mucocutaneous bleeding in an otherwise healthy child (with NO SYSTEMIC SYMPTOMS), think what?

A

Acute ITP (1/2 follow 1-2wks after viral illness)

25
Q

What labs in Acute ITP

A

ONLY ISOLATED THROMBOCYTOPENIA

26
Q

Tx of Acute ITP

A

None that alter natural history, but use IVIG/prednisone/anti-D Ig to temporarily increase platelets

27
Q

Plt range ofr chronic ITP. QOF? Tx?

A

30,000-80,000
Normal, just no contact sports
Tx - splenectomy

28
Q

Worry about what?

  1. All cell lines decreased + LAD + constitutional symptoms
  2. All cell lines decreased only
A
  1. leukemia

2. aplastic anemia

29
Q

Plt low, H/H low, WBC normal, child presents with rash, fatigue, bloody diarrhea, bleeding gums.

A

microangiopathic process