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1
Q

Which of the following statements about the thyroid gland is true?

A
  • It is located anterior to the trachea and inferior to the larynx.
  • It manufactures three hormones.
  • The parathyroid glands are embedded within it.
    ALL OF THE ABOVE
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2
Q

True or False: Lipid soluble hormones can freely cross the plasma membrane.

A

True

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3
Q

True or False: Spinal nerve plexuses are formed by fusions from the dorsal and ventral rami

A

FALSE

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4
Q

The adrenal glands are attached superiorly to which organ?

A

kidneys

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5
Q

Which of the following is not a target of a sympathetic preganglionic fiber?

A

intermural ganglion

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6
Q

Which of the following is an incorrect pairing?

A

acetylcholine decreases digestion
(This statement is not correct)

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7
Q

The hypothalamus is functionally and anatomically connected to the posterior pituitary lobe by a bridge of ________.

A

nerve axons

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8
Q

Which of the following is the organ for olfaction?

A

Nose

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9
Q

Which of the following produces the metabolic hormones of the thyroid gland?

A

Follicular cells

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10
Q

If an autoimmune disorder targets the alpha cells, production of which hormone would be directly affected?

A

glucagon

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11
Q

Cushing’s disease is a disorder caused by ________.

A

abnormally HIGH levels of CORTISOL

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12
Q

Which of these physiological changes would not be considered part of the sympathetic fight-or-flight response?

A

increased stomach motility

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13
Q

Which of the following is the best description of a nerve?

A

Bundles of axons within the peripheral nervous system

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14
Q

Which of the following is the term for the connective tissue sheath around individual axons?

A

Endoneurium

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15
Q

What structure allows the hypothalamus to connect to the posterior pituitary

A

Infundibulum

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16
Q

Which of the following statements about insulin is true?

A

Insulin facilitates the movement of intracellular glucose transporters to the cell membrane.

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17
Q

The gonads produce what class of hormones?

A

steroid hormones

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18
Q

True or False: Water soluble hormones can freely cross the plasma membrane.

A

FALSE

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19
Q

What type of receptor cell is involved in the sensations of sound and balance?

A

mechanoreceptors

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20
Q

Which of these locations in the forebrain is the master control center for homeostasis through the autonomic and endocrine systems?

A

hypothalamus

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21
Q

Which of the following is a direct target of the vestibular ganglion?

A

cerebellum

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22
Q

A small molecule binds to a G protein, preventing its activation. What direct effect will this have on signaling that involves cAMP?

A

Adenylyl cyclase will not be activated

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23
Q

Which of the following hormones contributes to the regulation of the body’s fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

antidiuretic hormone

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24
Q

Which of the following is the organ for gustation?

A

taste bud

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25
Q

Which of the following produces the calcium regulating hormone of the thyroid gland?

A

Parafollicular cells

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26
Q

Which of the following describes a self-amplifying cycle?

A

Positive feedback

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27
Q

Which of the following is true for the endocrine systems?

A

Chemical signals travel within the bodily fluids (blood, lymph)

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28
Q

Chemical signaling that affects neighboring cells is called ________.

A

paracrine

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29
Q

A drug that affects both divisions of the autonomic system is going to bind to, or block, which type of neurotransmitter receptor?

A

nicotinic

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30
Q

Which of the following hormones is produced by the hypothalamus?

A

Oxytocin

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31
Q

Which is the best description of the blood brain barrier?

A

An anatomical and physiological barrier that limits the exposure of CNS structures to the blood.

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32
Q

Which of the following is the organ for vision?

A

Eye

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33
Q

Iodide ions cross from the bloodstream into follicle cells via ________.

A

active transport

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34
Q

Which of the following is the antagonist of calcitonin?

A

PTH
(parathyroid hormone)

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35
Q

True or False: Cones are responsible for color vision

A

True

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36
Q

True or False: Cones are responsible for dark/light vision

A

FALSE

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37
Q

You are drinking hot chocolate on a cold morning. Which of the following cranial nerves will relay the taste of the chocolate to the thalamus?

A

Facial

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38
Q

Which of the following nerves would relay information about chemoreception?

A

V (5)
IX (9)
X (10)

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39
Q

What is the term for a reflex that does not include a CNS component?

A

somatic reflex

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40
Q

Which of the following describes opposing/paired feedback loops which attempt balance a physiological variable?

A

Antagonistic control

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41
Q

True or False: Water soluble hormones must bind to a receptor on the cell surface to have an effect.

A

True

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42
Q

True or False: Sex hormones are stored within secretory vesicles

A

FALSE

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43
Q

Endocrine glands ________

A

Secrete chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream

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44
Q

Which signaling molecule is most likely responsible for an increase in digestive activity?

A

acetylcholine

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45
Q

Which of the following is the term for the connective tissue sheath around the entire nerve?

A

Epineurium

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46
Q

A newly developed pesticide has been observed to bind to an intracellular hormone receptor. If ingested, residue from this pesticide could disrupt levels of ________.

A

thyroid hormone

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47
Q

Which term best fits the following description:
Secretions of one endocrine gland stimulate or inhibit secretions of another endocrine gland which also stimulates or inhibits secretions from a third endocrine gland.

A

Hormone axis

48
Q

Which of the following receptor types would detect stimuli resulting from taste?

A

Chemoreceptor

49
Q

Which of the following responses is not part of the fight-or-flight response?

A

reduced mental activity

50
Q

What secretory cell type is found in the adrenal medulla?

A

chromaffin cells

51
Q

True or False: The dura mater surrounds the structures of the central nervous system and is anchored to bone throughout.

52
Q

Which of the following is the organ for audition?

53
Q

True or False: Lipid soluble hormones bind to a receptor within the the cell to have an effect.

54
Q

Which of the following describes the increasing effect hormones might have when they bind in combination on a target cell?

A

Synergists

55
Q

Which of the following is true regarding the somatic motor division?

A

Synapses with only skeletal muscle

56
Q

Which of the following describes the stimulation of hormone secretion by hormones released from other organs?

57
Q

From which of the following landmarks do spinal nerves travel within?

A

Intervertebral foramen

58
Q

The anterior pituitary gland develops from which embryonic germ layer?

A

oral ectoderm

59
Q

The production of FSH by the anterior pituitary is reduced by which hormone?

60
Q

When blood calcium levels are low, PTH stimulates ________.

A

the activity of osteoCLASTS

61
Q

Which of the following ions is required to make thyroid metabolic hormones?

62
Q

Which of the following senses does not synapse with the thalamus?

A

Olfaction (smell)

63
Q

The secretion of thyroid hormones is controlled by ________.

A

TSH from the ANTERIOR PITUITARY

64
Q

Which of the following can result from hyperparathyroidism?

65
Q

Which of the following describes a cycle which attempts to reverse a change in a variable to restore homeostasis?

A

Negative feedback

66
Q

What central fiber tract connects forebrain and brain stem structures with the hypothalamus?

A

medial forebrain bundle

67
Q

Which of the following is a function of the medulla oblongata?

A

Regulate autonomic function

68
Q

Which type of fiber could be considered the longest?

A

PREganglionic PARAsympathetic

69
Q

Which submodality of taste is sensitive to the pH of saliva?

70
Q

True or False: The preganglionic neuron begins in the central nervous system for all autonomic functions

71
Q

Which of the following is an example of humoral stimulation?

A

Secretion of PTH in response to low blood calcium

72
Q

Which of the following describes the requirement that one hormone must be bound to a receptor on the cell for a second hormone to have an effect on the target cell?

A

Permissives

73
Q

Where in the body would you expect to find Neurosecretory/Neuroendocrine cells?

A

Hypothalamus

74
Q

Which of the following structures serves as the primary regulator of the endocrine system?

A

Hypothalamus

75
Q

Which of the following is true for both the nervous and endocrine systems?

A

Target cells must have a receptor for the specific chemical signal for the chemical signal to have an effect

76
Q

Select all of the characteristics you would expect to see in cells of the adenohypophysis.

A

No duct present

Secretion of products into the interstial space

Secretions carried within the bodily fluids (blood, lymph)

Secretion through exocytosis

77
Q

How many hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary?

78
Q

The end result of the RAAS is to ________.

A

increase blood pressure

79
Q

What gland produces a secretion that causes fight-or-flight responses in effectors?

A

adrenal medulla

80
Q

Which of the following chemical signals is produced by a cell and results in the regulation of that same cell

81
Q

Complete the sentence:
_____________ is produced by the ______________ cells of the ________________ and _______________ blood glucose

A

INSULIN ; BETA ; pancreas ; DECREASES

82
Q

Complete the sentence:
_____________ is produced by the ______________ cells of the ________________ and _______________ blood glucose

A

GLUCAGON ; ALPHA ; pancreas ; INCREASES

83
Q

Which of the following is an example of hormonal stimulation?

A

Secretion of ACTH in response to CRH from the hypothalamus

84
Q

Which of the following structures serves as the primary regulator of the autonomic system?

A

Hypothalamus

85
Q

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the autonomic division?

A

Synapses with all muscle types and glands (this statement is not true)

86
Q

True or False: The anterior pituitary is regulated by hormones from the hypothalamus released into the hypophyseal portal system

87
Q

A student is in a car accident, and although not hurt, immediately experiences pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and rapid breathing. What type of endocrine system stimulus did the student receive?

88
Q

Which region of the adrenal gland produces hormones responsible for regulating glucose metabolism in response to long-term stress

A

Zona fasciculata

89
Q

Which of the following is an anterior pituitary hormone?

90
Q

Which of the following are targets of PTH

A
  • Kidney tubules
  • Bones
  • Intestines
91
Q

Which of the following is the organ for equilibrium?

92
Q

Which of the following is the antagonist of glucagon?

93
Q

Which kind of drug would have anti-anxiety effects?

A

α-blocker

94
Q

Select all that apply:
The mesencephalon gives rise to which structures:

A
  • Corpora quadrigemina
  • Cerebral peduncle
95
Q

Select all that apply:
The prosencephalon gives rise to which structures

A
  • Occipital lobe
  • Frontal lobe
  • Parietal lobe
  • Temporal lobe
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
96
Q

True or False: The posterior pituitary produces and secretes Oxytocin and ADH

97
Q

Which region of the adrenal gland produces hormones responsible for producing androgens

A

Zona reticularis

98
Q

The development of a goiter indicates that _______

A

there is an excessive accumulation of colloid in the thyroid follicles

99
Q

You are drinking hot chocolate on a cold morning. Which of the following receptors will detect the sweetness of the beverage?

A

Chemoreceptors

100
Q

True or False: Rods are responsible for light/dark vision

101
Q

Select all that apply:
The rhombencephalon gives rise to which structures

A
  • Cerebellum
  • Pons
  • Medulla oblongata
102
Q

Which of the following is an example of neural stimulation?

A

Secretion of NE in response to sympathetic activation

103
Q

What secretory cell type is found in the adrenal medulla?

A

chromaffin cells

104
Q

Which of the following structures would you expect to house neurons that control the rate and depth of breathing?

105
Q

True or False: Water-soluble hormones are stored within secretory vesicles

106
Q

In the elderly, decreased thyroid function causes ________.

A

decreased basal metabolic rate

107
Q

Which of the following describes the stimulation of hormone secretion by changes in body fluid composition, such as ion concentration?

108
Q

Which of the following structures serves as a relay center for the majority of sensory information?

109
Q

Which of the following produces the calcium regulating hormone of the parathyroid gland?

A

Chief cells

110
Q

Which of the following receptor types would detect stimuli resulting from seeing color?

A

Photoreceptor

111
Q

Which region of the adrenal gland produces hormones responsible for regulating mineral balance (such as sodium)

A

Zona glomerulosa

112
Q

Axons from which neuron in the retina make up the optic nerve?

A

retinal ganglion cells

113
Q

Which of the following describes the stimulation of hormone secretion by action potentials from the autonomic nervous system?

114
Q

Which of the following is the best description of a ganglia?

A

Collections of neuronal bodies within the peripheral nervous system

115
Q

What neurotransmitter will result in constriction of the pupil?

A

acetylcholine

A & P (5 decks)

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