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A & P > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Identify the efferent pathway in this homeostatic reflex:
Eating a salt-rich meal increases blood volume and pressure, stretching blood vessel walls. Nerve signals sent to the brainstem stimulate changes in hormonal and neural signaling. The heart rate is slowed, blood vessel walls are relaxed, and the kidneys increase urinary salt. The blood pressure returns toward normal.

A

Hormone and neuron signals

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2
Q

The partial negative charge at one end of a water molecule is attracted to the partial positive charge of another water molecule. What is this attraction called?

A

Hydrogen Bond

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3
Q

Which organs would you expect to find in the right lumbar region?

A

Right Kidney

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4
Q

Which organs would you expect to find in the left lumbar region?

A

Left Kidney

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5
Q

Identify the effectors in this homeostatic reflex:
Eating a salt-rich meal increases blood volume and pressure, stretching blood vessel walls. Nerve signals sent to the brainstem stimulate changes in hormonal and neural signaling. The heart rate is slowed, blood vessel walls are relaxed, and the kidneys increase urinary salt. The blood pressure returns toward normal.

A

Heart, blood vessels, and kidneys

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6
Q

Which reaction is the part of metabolism that requires energy for synthesizing (making) body structures?

A

Anabolism

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7
Q

Which organ would you expect to find in the umbilical region?

A

Small Intestines

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8
Q

A molecule of ammonia contains one atom of nitrogen and three atoms of hydrogen. These are linked with…

A

polar covalent bonds

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9
Q

Which organ would you expect to find in the left hypochondrial region?

A

Stomach

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10
Q

Which organ would you expect to find in the right hypochondrial region?

A

Liver

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11
Q

What is most likely to be found evenly distributed in water in a homogeneous solution

A

Sodium ions and Chloride ions

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12
Q

The bond between hydrogen and oxygen in a water molecule is an example of what type of bond?

A

Polar covalent bond

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13
Q

Which body regions corresponds to the term auris?

A

Ear

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14
Q

The characteristic that gives an element its distinctive properties is its number of….

A

protons

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15
Q

Which body regions corresponds to the term oris?

A

Mouth

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16
Q

The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism:

A

Metabolism

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17
Q

The bonding of calcium, phosphorus, and other elements produces mineral crystals that are found in bone. This is an example of a(n) ________ reaction.

A

synthesis

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18
Q

The processes through which humans obtain and use energy from food:

A

Metabolism

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19
Q

A covalent bond is likely to be polar when…

A

one of the atoms sharing electrons is more electronegative than the other atom

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20
Q

Electrons in an ionic bond…

A

are transferred resulting in atoms with an electrical charge

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21
Q

Which concept is the defining feature of the discipline of physiology?

A

Homeostasis

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22
Q

Stimulation of the control center responsible for cooling off the body would cause what to happen?

A

sweat glads increase their output

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23
Q

Describing a physiological variable as “homeostatic” means that it is?

A

in a state of dynamic constancy that is regulated to remain near a stable set point value.

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24
Q

Which of the following elements is most likely to form an ionic bond?

A

Sodium

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25
Q

What is the receptor/sensor in this scenario?
A patient is diagnosed with metabolic acidosis, a condition in which the pH of the blood is more acidic than normal. As the blood and interstitial fluid becomes more acidic, chemoreceptors sensitive to hydrogen cation concentration in the medulla oblongata relay this information to the respiratory centers within the medulla oblongata. These respiratory centers then coordinate the activity of inspiratory and expiratory muscles to change the respiratory rate and depth, resulting in an increase in tidal volume. As the volume of air moved increases, the body is able to off-gas more carbon dioxide and decrease the pH of the blood.

A

Chemoreceptors

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26
Q

What level of hierarchical structure does H20 belong?

A

Molecular

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27
Q

True or False: The activity of body systems are usually controlled by multiple regulatory steps.

A

True

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28
Q

Negatively charged component that orbits the nucleus

A

Electron

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29
Q

Two or more atoms joined together by an energy relationship

A

Molecule

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30
Q

Neutrally charged component of the nucleus

A

Neutron

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31
Q

Positively charged component of the nucleus

A

Proton

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32
Q

Any atom or molecule that has a charge

A

Ion

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33
Q

The smallest unit of an element that can participate in chemical reactions

A

Atom

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34
Q

An atom or molecule with a positive charge

A

Cation

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35
Q

An atom or molecule with a negative charge

A

Anion

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36
Q

Which of the following describes the pattern in the scenario?
A patient is diagnosed with metabolic acidosis, a condition in which the pH of the blood is more acidic than normal. As the blood and interstitial fluid becomes more acidic, chemoreceptors sensitive to hydrogen cation concentration in the medulla oblongata relay this information to the respiratory centers within the medulla oblongata. These respiratory centers then coordinate the activity of inspiratory and expiratory muscles to change the respiratory rate and depth, resulting in an increase in tidal volume. As the volume of air moved increases, the body is able to off-gas more carbon dioxide and decrease the pH of the blood.

A

Negative Feedback Loop

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37
Q

When outer-shell electrons of two atoms are shared so as to satisfactorily fill their respective orbitals, it creates a(an)

A

Covenant bond

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38
Q

Which organ systems has a major function of enclosing internal body structures

A

Integumentary

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39
Q

the process through which humans maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment

A

Homeostasis

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40
Q

The smallest unit of an element that still retains the distinctive behavior of that element is an

A

Atom

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41
Q

Jenny mixes up a batch of pancake batter, then stirs in some chocolate chips. As she is waiting for the first few pancakes to cook, she notices the chocolate chips sinking to the bottom of the clear glass mixing bowl. The chocolate-chip batter is an example of a

A

Suspension

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42
Q

Together, just four elements make up more than 95 percent of the body’s mass. These include:

A

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

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43
Q

Which organ systems has a major function of supporting the body and enabling movement?

A

Skeletal

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44
Q

The smallest independently functioning biological unit of an organism is a(n)

A

Cell

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45
Q

What variable is being monitored in this scenario?
A patient is diagnosed with metabolic acidosis, a condition in which the pH of the blood is more acidic than normal. As the blood and interstitial fluid becomes more acidic, chemoreceptors sensitive to hydrogen cation concentration in the medulla oblongata relay this information to the respiratory centers within the medulla oblongata. These respiratory centers then coordinate the activity of inspiratory and expiratory muscles to change the respiratory rate and depth, resulting in an increase in tidal volume. As the volume of air moved increases, the body is able to off-gas more carbon dioxide and decrease the pH of the blood.

A

pH (hydrogen cation concentration)

46
Q

What is the position of the body when it is in the “normal anatomical position?”

A

the body standing upright; feet at shoulder width and parallel; toes forward. The arms are held out to each side, and the palms of the hands face forward

47
Q

The primary control center for many homeostatic mechanisms in the human body is the

A

Brain

48
Q

CH4 is methane. This compound is…

A

Organic

49
Q

What is the difference between covalent bonds and ionic bonds?

A

Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms; ionic bonds involve the electrical attraction between charged atoms.

50
Q

Humans have the most urgent need for a continuous supply of…

A

oxygen

51
Q

Which organ systems has a major function of detecting and processing sensory information?

A

Nervous

52
Q

An ___________ is the structure responsible for carrying out the directions of the control center.

A

Effector

53
Q

Anatomy is the study of…

A

Structure

54
Q

What is the general purpose of positive feedback mechanisms?

A

To bring about rapid change in the body

55
Q

Which organ systems has a major function of enabling movement and maintaining body temperature?

A

Muscular

56
Q

A force of attraction between cations and anions due to opposite charges creates which bond?

A

Ionic

57
Q

What is an example of a normal physiologic process that uses a positive feedback loop?

A

childbirth/labor and blot clots

58
Q

What term is used to describe the steady-state value for any variable that the body attempts to maintain?

A

Set point

59
Q

A collection of similar tissues that performs a specific function is an ________.

A

Organ

60
Q

Physiology is the study of…

A

function

61
Q

The lumbar region is ________.

A

superior to the popliteal region

62
Q

Which of the following specialties might focus on studying all of the structures of the ankle and foot?

A

Regional Anatomy

63
Q

What is the purpose of positive feedback?

A

amplify initial stimulus

64
Q

The sharing of electrons between atoms results in the formation of which bond

A

Covalent

65
Q

Chewing a bite of bread mixes it with saliva and facilitates its chemical breakdown. This is most likely due to the fact that ________.

A

saliva contains enzymes

66
Q

When an atom donates an electron to another atom, it becomes….

A

an ion

67
Q

What is the purpose of negative feedback?

A

To maintain a stable internal environment

68
Q

After you eat lunch, nerve cells in your stomach respond to the distension (the stimulus) resulting from the food). They relay this information to ________.

A

the Control Center

69
Q

What are the functions of life?

A

organization, responsiveness, metabolism, development, movement, growth, and reproduction

70
Q

A ___________ is the structure responsible for taking information about a variable and comparing it to the set point & normal range.

A

Control Center

71
Q

Which of the following combinations of atoms is most likely to result in a chemical reaction?

A

Hydrogen and Hydrogen

72
Q

Homeostasis:

A

the maintenance of internal body conditions within a narrow range

73
Q

Which of the following is the part of metabolism that releases energy by breaking down bigger molecules such as food?

A

Catabolism

74
Q

Normal range:

A

The acceptable range of values (numbers) in which homeostasis can be maintained

75
Q

What is the control center?
A patient is diagnosed with metabolic acidosis, a condition in which the pH of the blood is more acidic than normal. As the blood and interstitial fluid becomes more acidic, chemoreceptors sensitive to hydrogen cation concentration in the medulla oblongata relay this information to the respiratory centers within the medulla oblongata. These respiratory centers then coordinate the activity of inspiratory and expiratory muscles to change the respiratory rate and depth, resulting in an increase in tidal volume. As the volume of air moved increases, the body is able to off-gas more carbon dioxide and decrease the pH of the blood.

A

Respiratory centers

76
Q

Which of the following situations best represents a homeostatic mechanism?

A

After eating a large batch of salty popcorn, levels of salt in the urine increase

77
Q

Based on your knowledge of the polarity of water molecules, the solute molecule depicted here is most likely ________.
(photo)

A

positively charged

78
Q

Which organ systems has a major function of secreting hormones?

A

Endocrine

79
Q

To make a banana split, you halve a banana into two long, thin, right and left sides along the ________.

A

Midsagittal Plane

80
Q

A ___________ is the structure that provides information about a physiological variable.

A

Sensor

81
Q

A ___________ is the term for an event that causes a change in a physiological variable.

A

Stimulus

82
Q

What level of structural hierarchy would you expect to include the heart, blood vessels, and blood?

A

Organ System Level

83
Q

What is true about electrons in a polar covalent bond?

A

Electrons are shared in a mutually stabilizing arrangement resulting in a molecule where there ARE partial positive or negative regions

84
Q

Cancer cells can be characterized as “generic” cells that perform no specialized body function. Thus cancer cells lack ________.

A

Differentiation/ Specialization

85
Q

If a person begins to sweat upon entering a hot room but continued sweating is able to keep the body temperature stable, which of these best describes her condition?

A

She is in a steady state.

86
Q

Identify the variable in this homeostatic reflex:
Eating a salt-rich meal increases blood volume and pressure, stretching blood vessel walls. Nerve signals sent to the brainstem stimulate changes in hormonal and neural signaling. The heart rate is slowed, blood vessel walls are relaxed, and the kidneys increase urinary salt. The blood pressure returns toward normal.

A

Blood pressure and volume

87
Q

Which of the following statements about chemical bonds is true?

A

covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds

88
Q

Which of the following statements about nutrients is true?

A

All classes of nutrients are essential to human survival.

89
Q

Which body regions corresponds to the term oculus?

A

Eye

90
Q

Why is each element unique with respect to its chemical properties? Each element has a distinctive ________.

A

number of protons

91
Q

In a ________________ bond, Electrons are shared in a mutually stabilizing arrangement resulting in a molecule where there is no weak regional charge (no partial positive or negative regions)

A

Nonpolar covalent

92
Q

The energy stored in a foot of snow on a steep roof is ________.

A

Potential energy

93
Q

A scientist wants to study how the body uses foods and fluids during a marathon run. This scientist is most likely a(n) ________.

A

Exercise Physiologist

94
Q

If the amount of sodium in the blood decreases, what would a negative feedback control mechanism be expected to do?

A

Increase the amount of sodium in the blood

95
Q

A substance dissociates into K+ and Cl– in solution. The substance is a(n) ________.

A

Salt

96
Q

Identify the receptor/sensors in this homeostatic reflex:
Eating a salt-rich meal increases blood volume and pressure, stretching blood vessel walls. Nerve signals sent to the brainstem stimulate changes in hormonal and neural signaling. The heart rate is slowed, blood vessel walls are relaxed, and the kidneys increase urinary salt. The blood pressure returns toward normal.

A

Blood vessel walls

97
Q

The heart is within the ________.

A

pericardial region

98
Q

Why is atmospheric pressure important to human survival

A

Allows humans to breathe & keeps gasses dissolved in the blood

99
Q

Which of the following gases is required for humans to produce enough ATP to support cellular functions?

A

Oxygen

100
Q

Identify the control center in this homeostatic reflex:
Eating a salt-rich meal increases blood volume and pressure, stretching blood vessel walls. Nerve signals sent to the brainstem stimulate changes in hormonal and neural signaling. The heart rate is slowed, blood vessel walls are relaxed, and the kidneys increase urinary salt. The blood pressure returns toward normal.

A

Brainstem

101
Q

Sodium chloride exists as a white crystal that dissolves in water to produce Na+ and Cl-. What type of bond exists between these two atoms?

A

Ionic bond

102
Q

Nitrogen (N) is more electronegative than hydrogen (H). Which of the following is a correct statement about the atoms in ammonia (NH3)?

A

the nitrogen atom has a partial negative charge; Each hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge

polar covalant bond

103
Q

What do you expect to occur when the pH of blood and interstitial fluid return to normal values?
A patient is diagnosed with metabolic acidosis, a condition in which the pH of the blood is more acidic than normal. As the blood and interstitial fluid becomes more acidic, chemoreceptors sensitive to hydrogen cation concentration in the medulla oblongata relay this information to the respiratory centers within the medulla oblongata. These respiratory centers then coordinate the activity of inspiratory and expiratory muscles to change the respiratory rate and depth, resulting in an increase in tidal volume. As the volume of air moved increases, the body is able to off-gas more carbon dioxide and decrease the pH of the blood.

A

The respiratory rate and depth return to resting/normal values

104
Q

C.J. is stuck in her car during a bitterly cold blizzard. Her body responds to the cold by ________.

A

breaking down stored energy

105
Q

Which body regions corresponds to the term mentis?

A

Mandible

106
Q

True or False: Body temperature has no effect on the rate (speed) of chemical reactions within the body?

A

False

107
Q

True or False: The activity of body systems must be coordinated for homeostasis

A

True

108
Q

What is the effectors in the above scenario?
A patient is diagnosed with metabolic acidosis, a condition in which the pH of the blood is more acidic than normal. As the blood and interstitial fluid becomes more acidic, chemoreceptors sensitive to hydrogen cation concentration in the medulla oblongata relay this information to the respiratory centers within the medulla oblongata. These respiratory centers then coordinate the activity of inspiratory and expiratory muscles to change the respiratory rate and depth, resulting in an increase in tidal volume. As the volume of air moved increases, the body is able to off-gas more carbon dioxide and decrease the pH of the blood.

A

Inspiratory and expiratory muscles

109
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important molecule because it ________.

A

stores energy for use by body cells

110
Q

A substance formed of crystals of equal numbers of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds is called a(n) ________.

A

Salt

111
Q

True or False: Enzymes are temperature sensitive proteins within the body that participate in chemical reactions

A

True

112
Q

What is the stimulus in the scenario?

A patient is diagnosed with metabolic acidosis, a condition in which the pH of the blood is more acidic than normal. As the blood and interstitial fluid becomes more acidic, chemoreceptors sensitive to hydrogen cation concentration in the medulla oblongata relay this information to the respiratory centers within the medulla oblongata. These respiratory centers then coordinate the activity of inspiratory and expiratory muscles to change the respiratory rate and depth, resulting in an increase in tidal volume. As the volume of air moved increases, the body is able to off-gas more carbon dioxide and decrease the pH of the blood.

A

Metabolic acidosis

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