Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Which muscle: Compresses oral cavity and tightens cheek

A

Buccinator

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2
Q

Which muscle: Elevates and retracts mandible to close jaw

A

Temporalis

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3
Q

Which muscle: Closes eye, squinting

A

Orbicularis oculi

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4
Q

Which muscle: Pulls scalp posteriorly

A

Occipitalis

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5
Q

Which muscle: Closes mouth and purses lips

A

Orbicularis oris

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6
Q

Which muscle: Elevates corner of mouth

A

Zygomaticus

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7
Q

Which muscle: Raises eyebrows and pulls scalp anteriorly

A

Frontalis

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8
Q

Which muscle: Elevates mandible to close the jaw

A

Masseter

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9
Q

Which muscle: Depresses and everts lower lip

A

Depressor labii inferioris

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10
Q

Which muscle: Depresses angle of mouth

A

Depressor anguli oris

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11
Q

Which muscle: Wrinkles chin and everts lower lip

A

Mentalis

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12
Q

Which muscle: Pulls angle of mouth laterally

A

Risorius

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13
Q

True or False: A neuron receives information on its axons and delivers it to other neurons through its dendrites.

A

FALSE

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14
Q

Which of the following neuron shapes would you expect to be associated with olfaction?

A

bipolar

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15
Q

What is the action of the masseter?

A

chewing

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16
Q

True or False: Excitatory post-synaptic potentials must be depolarizing action potentials.

A

FALSE

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17
Q

The rhomboid major and minor muscles are deep to the ________.

A

Trapezius

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18
Q

Which of the following structures would send information on proprioception to structures within the brain?

A

Spinocerebellar tract (next guess)

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19
Q

What is the function of the erector spinae?

A

Postural support

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20
Q

Which of the following structures (lobes) is primarily responsible for processing visual information?

A

Occipital lobe

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21
Q

Which muscle: Rotates thigh laterally and stabilizes coxofemoral joint

A

Quadratus femoris

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22
Q

Which muscle: Extends thigh, flexes and medially rotates leg

A

Semitendinosus

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23
Q

Which muscle: Abducts and medially rotates thigh, important in walking

A

Gluteus medius

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24
Q

Which muscle: Extends thigh, flexes and laterally rotates leg

A

Biceps femoris

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25
Q

Which muscle: Adducts, flexes, and medially rotates thigh

A

Pectineus

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26
Q

Which muscle: Extends leg and flexes hip

A

Rectus femoris

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27
Q

Which muscle: Prime mover for thigh extension in addition to abduction

A

Gluteus maximus

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28
Q

Which muscle: Prime mover of flexing the hip

A

Iliacus

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29
Q

Which muscle: Adducts, medially rotates, and flexes thigh and involved in thigh extension

A

Adductor magnus

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30
Q

Which muscle: Flexes hip and lateral flexion of lumbar vertebrae, important postural muscle

A

Psoas major

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31
Q

Which muscle: Rotates and extends the thigh laterally, abducts thigh, stabilizes coxofemoral joint

A

Piriformis

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32
Q

Which muscle: Extends and laterally rotates thigh

A

Obterator internis

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33
Q

Which muscle: Stabilizes the leg and trunk by moderating tension in iliotibial tract, flexes and abduct thigh

A

Tensor fascia latae

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34
Q

Which muscle: Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the thigh

A

Sartorius

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35
Q

Analogs are chemicals which:

A

Similar chemical structure to neurotransmitter

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36
Q

Which of the following structures would send information for complex muscle movements and unskilled movements?

A

Extrapyramidal tract

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37
Q

Which of the following receptor types would detect stimuli resulting from pain?

A

Chemoreceptors

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38
Q

What type of glial cell is the resident macrophage behind the blood-brain barrier?

A

Microglia

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39
Q

Your friend is poking your skin with two pins a few millimeters apart at the same time. Visually, you can see there are two pins, but you can only feel a single pen poke. This is probably because:

A

the receptors in both skin areas utilize the same afferent neuron.

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40
Q

If a thermoreceptor is sensitive to temperature sensations, what would a chemoreceptor be sensitive to?

A

Molecules

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41
Q

The limbic system is best characterized as:

A

Brain regions associated with learning, memory, and behavior

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42
Q

Which of the following receptor types would detect stimuli resulting from a change in temperature?

A

Thermoreceptors

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43
Q

True or False: Inhibitory post-synaptic potentials must be hyperpolarizing action potentials.

A

FALSE

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44
Q

All indolamines are synthesized from what amino acid?

A

Tryptophan

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45
Q

Complete the sentence:
A threshold stimulus applied to an excitable membrane is one that is just sufficient to ______

A

trigger an action potential.

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46
Q

Which of the following statements concerning the properties of action potentials is TRUE?

A

The rate of propagation of an action potential down an axon is independent of stimulus strength.

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47
Q

Voltage-gated Na+ channels open upon reaching what state?

A

Threshold

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48
Q

True or False: Electrical synapses are slower than chemical synapses.

A

FALSE

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49
Q

Which muscle: Compresses the abdomen, depresses ribs, flexes and rotates vertebral column

A

External oblique

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50
Q

Which muscle: Posterior abdominal wall, prime mover of lateral flexion

A

Quadratus lumborum

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51
Q

Which muscle: Laterally flex vertebral column

A

Intertransversarii

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52
Q

Which muscle: Raise and expand the rib cage

A

External intercostals

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53
Q

Which muscle: Bilaterally flex neck, tilt and rotate head to the side

A

Sternocleidomastoid

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54
Q

Which muscle: Compresses the abdomen

A

Transversus abdominis

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55
Q

Which muscle: Compresses the abdomen, depresses the ribs, flexes the vertebral column

A

Rectus abdominis

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56
Q

Which muscle: Stabilize vertebral column

A

Segmental group

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57
Q

Which muscle: Primary extensors of vertebral column

A

Erector spinae group

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58
Q

Which muscle: Prime mover for compression and expansion of the thoracic cavity and associated changes in abdominal cavity

A

Diaphragm

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59
Q

Which muscle: Draw the ribs together and constrict the thoracic cage for forced exhalation

A

Internal intercostals

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60
Q

Which muscle: Extends vertebral column

A

Interspinales

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61
Q

Agonists are chemicals which:

A

Binds to the same receptors as a neurotransmitter and mimics the effects

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62
Q

True or False: Sensory information travels in ascending tracts in the spinal cord

A

True

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63
Q

Which of the following structures would send information for voluntary motor movement used in skilled motions

A

Pyramidal tract

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64
Q

True or False: Efferent is a term that is synonymous with sensory

A

FALSE

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65
Q

Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with inhibition exclusively?

A

GABA

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66
Q

Which of the following receptor types would detect stimuli resulting from stretch?

A

Mechanoreceptor

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67
Q

Which muscle produces movement that allows you to cross your legs?

A

The Sartorius

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68
Q

Which muscle: Rotates arm laterally and extends arm

A

Infraspinatus

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69
Q

Which muscle: Abducts arm and extends arm

A

Supraspinatus

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70
Q

Which muscle: Adducts and stabilizes scapula

A

Rhomboid major

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71
Q

Which muscle: Prime mover of arm extension, adducts arm, medially rotates arm, important in power stroke of lowering arm

A

Latissimus dorsi

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72
Q

Which muscle: Prime mover for medial rotation of the arm and extends arm

A

Subscapularis

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73
Q

Which muscle: Extends, medially rotates, and adducts arm

A

Teres major

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74
Q

Which muscle: Adducts and elevates scapula

A

Levator scapulae

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75
Q

Which muscle: Stabilizes, elevates, retracts and rotates scapula and extends head

A

Trapezius

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76
Q

Which muscle: Prime move of arm abduction, flexes and medially rotates arm, extends and laterally rotates arm

A

Deltoid

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77
Q

Which muscle: Flexes and adducts arm

A

Coracobrachialis

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78
Q

Which muscle: Adducts, flexes and rotates arm medially

A

Pectoralis major

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79
Q

Which muscle: Abducts and rotates scapula, important in horizontal arm movements

A

Serratus anterior

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80
Q

Which muscle: Flexes forearm

A

Brachialis

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81
Q

Which muscle: Extends hands and fingers

A

Extensor digitorum

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82
Q

Which muscle: Flexes hand and tenses fascia of palm

A

Palmaris longus

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83
Q

Which muscle: Pronates forearm (and hand)

A

Pronator teres

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84
Q

Which muscle: Flexes and adducts hand

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris

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85
Q

Which muscle: Supinates forearm (and hand)

A

Supinator

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86
Q

Which muscle: Prime move of forearm extension

A

Triceps brachii

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87
Q

Which muscle: Extends and adducts hand

A

Extensor carpi ulnaris

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88
Q

Which muscle: Flexes and supinates forearm and weakly flexes arm

A

Biceps brachii

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89
Q

Which muscle: Extends and abducts hand

A

Extensor carpi radialis longus

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90
Q

Which muscle: Flexes and abducts hand

A

Flexor carpi radialis

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91
Q

Which muscle: Flexes forearm and stabilizes elbow

A

Brachioradialis

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92
Q

Which of the following is a function of the cerebellum?

A

Coordinate bodily movements to maintain posture

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93
Q

What is the name for the topographical representation of the sensory input to the somatosensory cortex?

A

homunculus

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94
Q

True or False: Generally speaking, serotonin is excitatory in motor pathways

A

True

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95
Q

What type of glial cell is responsible for filtering blood to produce CSF at the choroid plexus?

A

Ependymal cell

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96
Q

An EPSP

A

is a direct result of the opening of ligand-gated channels permeable to both Na + and K + ions.

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97
Q

What specialized structure of the arachnoid mater allows cerebrospinal fluid to return to venous blood supply?

A

Arachnoid granulations

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98
Q

All catecholamines are synthesized from what amino acid?

A

Tyrosine

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99
Q

True or False: A sensory modality refers to the specific stimuli/information that a receptor can encode

A

True

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100
Q

Which muscle: Prime mover of inversion and plantarflexes foot

A

Tibialis posterior

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101
Q

Which muscle: Flexes and rotates leg medially (unlocks extended knee)

A

Popliteus

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102
Q

Which muscle: Extends leg and stabilizes knee

A

Vastus lateralis

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103
Q

Which muscle: Extends leg

A

Vastus intermedius

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104
Q

Which muscle: Plantarflexes foot and flexes knee

A

Gastrocnemius

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105
Q

Which muscle: Plantarflexes and inverts foot, flexes hallux

A

Flexor hallucis longus

106
Q

Which muscle: Prime mover of dorsiflexion, inverts foot

A

Tibialis anterior

107
Q

Which muscle: Plantarflexes foot and important in locomotion and posture

A

Solus

108
Q

Which muscle: Extends digits 2-5

A

Extensor digitorum longus

109
Q

Which muscle: Extends hallux and dorsiflexes foot

A

Extensor hallucis longus

110
Q

Which muscle: Plantarflexes and everts foot

A

Fibularis longus (with brevis)

111
Q

Which muscle: Plantar flexes and inverts foot, flexes toes

A

Flexor digitorum longus

112
Q

True or False: Inhibitory post-synaptic potentials must be hyperpolarizing graded potentials.

A

True

113
Q

A channel opens on a postsynaptic membrane that causes a negative ion to enter the cell. What type of graded potential is this?

A

Hyperpolarizing

114
Q

Point of communication-

A

Synapse

115
Q

Receptive process-

A

Dendrite

116
Q

Biosynthetic and metabolic center-

A

Soma

117
Q

Conducting processes-

A

Axon

118
Q

Which of the following structures (lobes) is primarily responsible for processing auditory information?

A

Temporal lobe

119
Q

What two types of macromolecules are the main components of myelin?

A

lipids and proteins

120
Q

Which is NOT an example of a graded potential?

A

A depolarizing action potential

121
Q

What type of glial cell provides myelin for the axons in a tract?

A

Oligodendrocyte

122
Q

Which of the following structures would send information on discriminative touch to the thalamus

A

Dorsal column medial meniscal tract

123
Q

What is the best description of electric current?

A

The net movement of charged particles

124
Q

The semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris (long head) all belong to what muscle group?

A

Hamstrings

125
Q

Using a micropipette, a neuroscientist injects an axon with enough Na + ions to move the membrane potential +25mV (from resting).

A

Voltage-GATED Na + channels will be TRIGGERED TO OPEN.

126
Q

Which term describes a bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system?

A

nerve

127
Q

An action potential in a neuronal membrane differs from a graded potential in that

A

an action potential is propagated without decrement, whereas a graded potential decrements with distance.

128
Q

What type of input do afferent neurons carry?

A

Sensory

129
Q

Nicotinic receptors are expressed on skeletal muscle cells. Which of the following would likely be a side-effect of the use of nicotine, an agonist for those receptors?

A

Muscle cell twitches (contractions)

130
Q

Antagonists are chemicals which:

A

Blocks the receptor site

131
Q

Which of the following is a prime mover in head flexion?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

132
Q

Which functional division of the nervous system would be responsible for the physiological changes seen during exercise (e.g., increased heart rate and sweating)?

A

Autonomic

133
Q

Which of the following substances is least able to cross the blood-brain barrier?

A

White blood cells

134
Q

Which structure provides lateral stabilization of the spinal cord?

A

Denticulate ligament

135
Q

Which is not a function of the cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Redistributing neurotransmitters

136
Q

Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for planning the movement of skeletal muscle?

A

Premotor cortex

137
Q

Which is TRUE about typical, resting neurons?

A

The permeability of the plasma membrane to potassium ions is much greater than its permeability to sodium ions.

138
Q

True or False: Strong stimuli are encoded as an increased frequency in action potentials.

A

True

139
Q

What region of the spinal cord contains motor neurons that direct the movement of skeletal muscles?

A

Ventral horn

140
Q

Which is one of the major inhibitory neurotransmitters in the CNS?

A

GABA

141
Q

Which region of gray matter in the spinal cord contains motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles?

A

Ventral horn

142
Q

Two stimuli occur on the same neuron more than a minute apart. The second stimulus is more than ten times greater than the first. If we compare the two resulting action potentials, which is TRUE?

A

The second stimulus will lead to an action potential with a longer duration.

143
Q

Which of the following would NOT be categorized as a “somatic” sensation?

A

Sound

144
Q

The spinal cord passes through which landmark of the vertebral column?

A

Vertebral foramen

145
Q

Why type of input do efferent neurons carry?

A

Motor

146
Q

Smile – you are on the multiple choice. Which muscle has an action that could be described as helping you smile by elevating the angle of the mouth?

A

Zygomaticus major

147
Q

True or False: Generally speaking, all nicotinic receptors illicit an excitatory response on the postsynaptic neuron

A

True

148
Q

Visual signals travel on myelinated axons. While most pain signals travel on unmyelinated axons. If you get a paper cut, will you see the cut happen or feel the pain first?

A

You will experience the visual sensation before the pain sensation.

149
Q

Which of the following neurotransmitters would you expect to find active in the synapses activated during your study sessions devoted to learning the neurotransmitters?

A

Glutamate

150
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by which structure?

A

Choroid plexus

151
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the determination of stimulus intensity is true?

A

The frequency of action potentials increases with increasing stimulus intensity.

152
Q

Which of the following structures (lobes) is primarily responsible for processing motor information?

A

Frontal lobe

153
Q

Which of the following structures would send motor information to skeletal muscle?

A

Ventral horn

154
Q

The relative refractory period of an axon coincides with the period of

A

increased K + permeability of the cell.

155
Q

Endorphans belong to which class of neurotransmitters?

A

Neuropeptides

156
Q

What category of receptors do Pacinian corpuscles belong to?

A

Mechanoreceptors

157
Q

True or False: Drug Z is an agonist for a neurotransmitter receptor. It has a much higher affinity for the receptor and binds four times longer than the endogenous neurotransmitter. If you compare drug Z with the endogenous neurotransmitter, it’s likely that drug Z will cause more frequent action potentials than the endogenous ligand.

A

True

158
Q

What is required for neurotransmitters to be released?

A

Calcium has to enter the axon terminal

159
Q

What is the best description of depolarization?

A

The net movement of ions across a cell membrane resulting in the interior becoming LESS NEGATIVE respective to the extracellular fluid

160
Q

What is the best description of hyperpolarization?

A

The net movement of ions across a cell membrane resulting in the interior becoming MORE NEGATIVE respective to the extracellular fluid

161
Q

Which of the following cavities contains a component of the central nervous system?

A

Cranial

162
Q

Which of the following is probably going to propagate an action potential fastest?

A

a thick, myelinated axon

163
Q

Inside a neuron, calcium binding sites are likely found on

A

proteins associated with synaptic vesicles.

164
Q

All metabotropic receptors:

A

Generate metabolic changes in the cell

165
Q

Select all of the following which are structures of the central nervous system (CNS)

A
  • Ventral, Dorsal, and Lateral horns
  • Ventral, Dorsal, and Lateral columns
  • Gray commissure
166
Q

Select all of the following which are structures of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A
  • Ventral root
  • Dorsal root
  • Dorsal root ganglion
167
Q

Which of the following describes action potential

A

Long distance, voltage-dependent, and initiated only at the axon hillock

168
Q

The vastus intermedius muscle is deep to which of the following muscles?

A

rectus femoris

169
Q

Receptors transduce ___________ into a _________ potential which can then cause an ___________ potential which travels through the ________ order neuron.

A

stimuli ; graded ; action ; first

170
Q

What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?

A

acetylcholine

171
Q

What type of receptor cell is responsible for transducing pain stimuli?

A

nociceptor

172
Q

True or False: Myelinated structures appear white due because myelin is rich in carbohydrates

A

FALSE

173
Q

Which part of a neuron contains the nucleus?

A

Soma

174
Q

Which muscle pair plays a role in respiration?

A

diaphragm, intercostals

175
Q

Which of the following structures would send information on crude touch to the thalamus

A

Spinothalamic tract

176
Q

True or False: Neuroglia are the cells that form the basis of signaling within the nervous system?

A

FALSE

177
Q

Which muscle originates on the transverse process of vertebrae and laterally flexes the vertebral column?

A

Intertransversarii

178
Q

Select all that apply:
What processes are involved in the electrochemical gradients involved with membrane potentials

A

Active transport of ions
Diffusion based on concentration gradients
Diffusion based on charge

179
Q

Which muscle originates on the transverse process of vertebrae and laterally flexes the vertebral column?

A

Intertransversaii

180
Q

Which of the following structures can be classified as postsynaptic?

A

Glands
Skeletal muscles
Neurons

181
Q

Nicotine is

A

a cholinergic agonist.

182
Q

Which is one of the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitters in the CNS?

A

Glutamate

183
Q

The activity of acetylcholinesterase is an example of:

A

Neurotransmitter degradation by an enzyme

184
Q

Which of the following abdominal muscles is not a part of the anterior abdominal wall?

A

quadratus lumborum

185
Q

How much of a change in the membrane potential is necessary for the summation of postsynaptic potentials to result in an action potential being generated?

A

+15 mV

186
Q

Which of the following neuron shapes would you expect to be associated with general senses

A

Unipolar

187
Q

What does a ligand-gated channel require in order to open?

A

binding of a neurotransmitter

188
Q

Procaine (Novocain) is a drug that blocks voltage-gated Na + channels. When present, what would happen in a neuron?

A

Graded potentials are possible, but the neuron will not have the depolarizing phase of the action potential

189
Q

True or False: Sensory information is invested with emotional significance in association areas in the frontal lobes and limbic system.

A

True

190
Q

What is the largest muscle in the lower leg?

A

gastrocnemius

191
Q

True or False: If a graded potential on a dendrite results in a 5mV depolarization, the depolarization at the axon hillock of the axon might be less than 5mV.

A

True

192
Q

Select all of the following which are gray matter structures within the spinal cord

A

Gray commissure + Dorsal, Ventral, and Lateral horns

193
Q

Which of the following is unique to the muscles of facial expression?

A

They insert into the skin.

194
Q

Which layer of the meninges surrounds and supports the sinuses that form the route through which blood drains from the CNS?

A

dura mater

195
Q

True or False: Afferent is a term that is synonymous with motor

A

FALSE

196
Q

(In membrane potential) What event happens at the point labeled 3?

A

Voltage-gated sodium channels are opening in a positive feedback loop known as depolarization

197
Q

Which of the following structures can be classified as presynaptic?

A

Neurons

198
Q

Which is incorrect for Flexion and Crossed Extensor Reflexes

A

Noxious/painful stimuli must be received from both limbs results in both excitatory and inhibitory signals on BOTH sides of the spinal cord

199
Q

In which dural septum would you expect to find the superior sagittal sinus

A

Falx cerebri

200
Q

What type of receptor requires an effector protein to initiate a signal?

A

metabotropic receptor

201
Q

Which of the following structures would send motor information to glands?

A

Lateral horn

202
Q

Which is TRUE about the Na+, K+ ATPase (sodium-potassium) pump in neurons?

A

It generates a small electrical potential such that the inside is made negative with respect to the outside.

203
Q

Which of the following is not a muscle of the rotator cuff

A

Teres major

204
Q

How is the strength of a stimulus encoded by neurons?

A

By the frequency of action potentials

205
Q

True or False: Ligand gated channels will open in response to a change in voltage.

A

FALSE

206
Q

Which of the following structures (lobes) is primarily responsible for processing olfactory information?

A

Temporal lobe

207
Q

Where is the inferior oblique muscle located?

A

in the eye socket

208
Q

Select all of the following which are white matter structures within the spinal cord

A

Ventral, Dorsal, and Lateral column

209
Q

From which meningeal layer would you attempt to withdraw cerebrospinal fluid circulating around the spinal cord?

A

Arachnoid mater

210
Q

All ionotropic receptors:

A

Directly allow the movement of ions across the cell membrane

211
Q

Which part of a neuron transmits an electrical signal to a target cell?

A

axon

212
Q

True or False: Electrical synapses can send transmissions in both directions.

A

True

213
Q

True or False: GABA is a neurotransmitter which generally has inhibitory activity.

A

True

214
Q

Spinal nerves exit from which landmark of the vertebral column?

A

Intervertebral foramen

215
Q

The large muscle group that attaches the leg to the pelvic girdle and produces extension of the hip joint is the ________ group.

A

gluteal

216
Q

What ion enters a neuron causing depolarization of the cell membrane?

A

sodium

217
Q

Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for initiating the movement of skeletal muscle?

A

Precentral gyrus

218
Q

Which of these locations is where the greatest level of integration is taking place in the example of testing the temperature of the shower?

A

cerebral cortex

219
Q

When you eat a spicy pepper, such as a jalepeño, why do you perceive heat in your mouth?

A

A chemical within the jalepeño acts as a stimulus for thermoreceptors.

220
Q

At which point does the spinal cord typically end?

A

L1-L2

221
Q

True or False: Generally speaking, all nicotinic receptors illicit an excitatory response on the presynaptic neuron

A

FALSE

222
Q

(In membrane potential) What event happens at the point labeled 5?

A

Voltage-gated potassium channels are open and repolarizing the membrane

223
Q

Which structure provides longitudinal stabilization of the spinal cord?

A

Coccygeal ligament

224
Q

Which structure predominates in the white matter of the brain?

A

myelinated axons

225
Q

Which of the following structures (lobes) is primarily responsible for processing somatosensory information?

A

Parietal lobe

226
Q

What type of cellular junctions would you expect to find in electrical synapses?

A

Gap junctions

227
Q

True or False: Ligand gated channels will open in response to the binding of a neurotransmitter.

A

True

228
Q

True or False: Excitatory post-synaptic potentials must be depolarizing graded potentials.

A

True

229
Q

True or False: Motor information travels in descending tracts in the spinal cord

A

True

230
Q

What type of reflex can protect the foot when a painful stimulus is sensed?

A

withdrawal reflex

231
Q

What does a mechanically gated channel respond to?

A

physical stimulus

232
Q

A postsynaptic neuron has three presynaptic inputs—from neurons X, Y, and Z.
- Stimulation of neuron X causes the postsynaptic neuron to depolarize by 0.5 mV.
- When X and Y are stimulated simultaneously, the postsynaptic neuron depolarizes by 1 mV.
- When X and Z are stimulated simultaneously,there is no change in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron.

What is most likely true about presynaptic neurons Y and Z?

A

Y is excitatory and Z is inhibitory.

233
Q

True or False: The pelvic diaphragm is a set of muscles which divide the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

A

FALSE

234
Q

Which is most directly responsible for the falling (repolarizing) phase of the action potential?

A

The permeability to K + increases greatly while permeability to Na + decreases.

235
Q

True or False: Continuous conduction requires myelin sheath gaps for transmission

A

FALSE

236
Q

What is the linea alba?

A

a long tendon that runs down the middle of the rectus abdominis

237
Q

Which region of the frontal lobe is responsible for initiating movement by directly connecting to cranial and spinal motor neurons?

A

primary motor cortex

238
Q

Which describes the response of the voltage-gated channels when an axon is stimulated to threshold?

A

Na + channels are activated and then inactivated.

239
Q

Where is the temporalis muscle located?

A

on the side of the head

240
Q

True or False: Generally speaking, serotonin is excitatory in sensory pathways

A

FALSE

241
Q

Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for somatosensation?

A

Postcentral gyrus

242
Q

Inverse agonists are chemicals which:

A

Binds to the same receptors as a neurotransmitter and has the opposite effect

243
Q

What specialized structure of the arachnoid mater allows cerebrospinal fluid to flow around structures of the central nervous system

A

Subarachnoid space

244
Q

Which muscles stabilize the pectoral girdle?

A

axial and scapular

245
Q

Which muscle originates on the spinous process of vertebrae and extends the vertebral column?

A

Interpinales

246
Q

What is the origin of the wrist flexors?

A

the medial epicondyle of the humerus

247
Q

True or False: Saltatory conduction requires myelin sheath gaps for transmission?

A

True

248
Q

Which is the only meningeal layer in direct contact with the structures of the central nervous system

A

Pia mater

249
Q

Which of the following receptor types would detect stimuli resulting from vibration?

A

Mechanoreceptor

250
Q

Which location on the body has the largest region of somatosensory cortex representing it, according to the sensory homunculus?

A

lips

251
Q

Which of the following structures would receive sensory information from the dorsal root

A

Dorsal horn

252
Q

Which of the following neuron shapes would you expect to be associated with motor impulses

A

Multipolar

253
Q

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for generating motor commands?

A

frontal

254
Q

True or False: Chemical synapses can send transmission in both directions.

A

FALSE

255
Q

You are drinking hot chocolate on a cold morning. Which of the following receptors will detect the temperature of the beverage?

A

Thermoreceptors

256
Q

True or False: Your fingertips are highly sensitive, yet geographically small areas of your body. You expect the area of the somatosensory cortex that receives afferent stimuli from them to be quite small as well.

A

FALSE

257
Q

Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for speech?

A

Broca’s area

258
Q

Which of the following neuron shapes would you expect to be associated with vision

A

Bipolar

259
Q

Which muscle abducts and medially rotates the femur?

A

Gluteus medius

260
Q

Select all that apply:
Cholinergic systems are characterized as having:

A
  • Nicotinic receptors
  • Muscarinic receptors
  • Acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter
  • Acetylcholinesterase
261
Q

The conversion of graded potentials to action potentials requires which of the following processes (select all that apply)

A
  • Opening of ligand-gated CATION channels
  • A strong enough stimulus to cause the axon hillock to sum the DEPOLARIZING graded potentials to reach threshold