Exam 4 Flashcards
Which muscle: Compresses oral cavity and tightens cheek
Buccinator
Which muscle: Elevates and retracts mandible to close jaw
Temporalis
Which muscle: Closes eye, squinting
Orbicularis oculi
Which muscle: Pulls scalp posteriorly
Occipitalis
Which muscle: Closes mouth and purses lips
Orbicularis oris
Which muscle: Elevates corner of mouth
Zygomaticus
Which muscle: Raises eyebrows and pulls scalp anteriorly
Frontalis
Which muscle: Elevates mandible to close the jaw
Masseter
Which muscle: Depresses and everts lower lip
Depressor labii inferioris
Which muscle: Depresses angle of mouth
Depressor anguli oris
Which muscle: Wrinkles chin and everts lower lip
Mentalis
Which muscle: Pulls angle of mouth laterally
Risorius
True or False: A neuron receives information on its axons and delivers it to other neurons through its dendrites.
FALSE
Which of the following neuron shapes would you expect to be associated with olfaction?
bipolar
What is the action of the masseter?
chewing
True or False: Excitatory post-synaptic potentials must be depolarizing action potentials.
FALSE
The rhomboid major and minor muscles are deep to the ________.
Trapezius
Which of the following structures would send information on proprioception to structures within the brain?
Spinocerebellar tract (next guess)
What is the function of the erector spinae?
Postural support
Which of the following structures (lobes) is primarily responsible for processing visual information?
Occipital lobe
Which muscle: Rotates thigh laterally and stabilizes coxofemoral joint
Quadratus femoris
Which muscle: Extends thigh, flexes and medially rotates leg
Semitendinosus
Which muscle: Abducts and medially rotates thigh, important in walking
Gluteus medius
Which muscle: Extends thigh, flexes and laterally rotates leg
Biceps femoris
Which muscle: Adducts, flexes, and medially rotates thigh
Pectineus
Which muscle: Extends leg and flexes hip
Rectus femoris
Which muscle: Prime mover for thigh extension in addition to abduction
Gluteus maximus
Which muscle: Prime mover of flexing the hip
Iliacus
Which muscle: Adducts, medially rotates, and flexes thigh and involved in thigh extension
Adductor magnus
Which muscle: Flexes hip and lateral flexion of lumbar vertebrae, important postural muscle
Psoas major
Which muscle: Rotates and extends the thigh laterally, abducts thigh, stabilizes coxofemoral joint
Piriformis
Which muscle: Extends and laterally rotates thigh
Obterator internis
Which muscle: Stabilizes the leg and trunk by moderating tension in iliotibial tract, flexes and abduct thigh
Tensor fascia latae
Which muscle: Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the thigh
Sartorius
Analogs are chemicals which:
Similar chemical structure to neurotransmitter
Which of the following structures would send information for complex muscle movements and unskilled movements?
Extrapyramidal tract
Which of the following receptor types would detect stimuli resulting from pain?
Chemoreceptors
What type of glial cell is the resident macrophage behind the blood-brain barrier?
Microglia
Your friend is poking your skin with two pins a few millimeters apart at the same time. Visually, you can see there are two pins, but you can only feel a single pen poke. This is probably because:
the receptors in both skin areas utilize the same afferent neuron.
If a thermoreceptor is sensitive to temperature sensations, what would a chemoreceptor be sensitive to?
Molecules
The limbic system is best characterized as:
Brain regions associated with learning, memory, and behavior
Which of the following receptor types would detect stimuli resulting from a change in temperature?
Thermoreceptors
True or False: Inhibitory post-synaptic potentials must be hyperpolarizing action potentials.
FALSE
All indolamines are synthesized from what amino acid?
Tryptophan
Complete the sentence:
A threshold stimulus applied to an excitable membrane is one that is just sufficient to ______
trigger an action potential.
Which of the following statements concerning the properties of action potentials is TRUE?
The rate of propagation of an action potential down an axon is independent of stimulus strength.
Voltage-gated Na+ channels open upon reaching what state?
Threshold
True or False: Electrical synapses are slower than chemical synapses.
FALSE
Which muscle: Compresses the abdomen, depresses ribs, flexes and rotates vertebral column
External oblique
Which muscle: Posterior abdominal wall, prime mover of lateral flexion
Quadratus lumborum
Which muscle: Laterally flex vertebral column
Intertransversarii
Which muscle: Raise and expand the rib cage
External intercostals
Which muscle: Bilaterally flex neck, tilt and rotate head to the side
Sternocleidomastoid
Which muscle: Compresses the abdomen
Transversus abdominis
Which muscle: Compresses the abdomen, depresses the ribs, flexes the vertebral column
Rectus abdominis
Which muscle: Stabilize vertebral column
Segmental group
Which muscle: Primary extensors of vertebral column
Erector spinae group
Which muscle: Prime mover for compression and expansion of the thoracic cavity and associated changes in abdominal cavity
Diaphragm
Which muscle: Draw the ribs together and constrict the thoracic cage for forced exhalation
Internal intercostals
Which muscle: Extends vertebral column
Interspinales
Agonists are chemicals which:
Binds to the same receptors as a neurotransmitter and mimics the effects
True or False: Sensory information travels in ascending tracts in the spinal cord
True
Which of the following structures would send information for voluntary motor movement used in skilled motions
Pyramidal tract
True or False: Efferent is a term that is synonymous with sensory
FALSE
Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with inhibition exclusively?
GABA
Which of the following receptor types would detect stimuli resulting from stretch?
Mechanoreceptor
Which muscle produces movement that allows you to cross your legs?
The Sartorius
Which muscle: Rotates arm laterally and extends arm
Infraspinatus
Which muscle: Abducts arm and extends arm
Supraspinatus
Which muscle: Adducts and stabilizes scapula
Rhomboid major
Which muscle: Prime mover of arm extension, adducts arm, medially rotates arm, important in power stroke of lowering arm
Latissimus dorsi
Which muscle: Prime mover for medial rotation of the arm and extends arm
Subscapularis
Which muscle: Extends, medially rotates, and adducts arm
Teres major
Which muscle: Adducts and elevates scapula
Levator scapulae
Which muscle: Stabilizes, elevates, retracts and rotates scapula and extends head
Trapezius
Which muscle: Prime move of arm abduction, flexes and medially rotates arm, extends and laterally rotates arm
Deltoid
Which muscle: Flexes and adducts arm
Coracobrachialis
Which muscle: Adducts, flexes and rotates arm medially
Pectoralis major
Which muscle: Abducts and rotates scapula, important in horizontal arm movements
Serratus anterior
Which muscle: Flexes forearm
Brachialis
Which muscle: Extends hands and fingers
Extensor digitorum
Which muscle: Flexes hand and tenses fascia of palm
Palmaris longus
Which muscle: Pronates forearm (and hand)
Pronator teres
Which muscle: Flexes and adducts hand
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Which muscle: Supinates forearm (and hand)
Supinator
Which muscle: Prime move of forearm extension
Triceps brachii
Which muscle: Extends and adducts hand
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Which muscle: Flexes and supinates forearm and weakly flexes arm
Biceps brachii
Which muscle: Extends and abducts hand
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Which muscle: Flexes and abducts hand
Flexor carpi radialis
Which muscle: Flexes forearm and stabilizes elbow
Brachioradialis
Which of the following is a function of the cerebellum?
Coordinate bodily movements to maintain posture
What is the name for the topographical representation of the sensory input to the somatosensory cortex?
homunculus
True or False: Generally speaking, serotonin is excitatory in motor pathways
True
What type of glial cell is responsible for filtering blood to produce CSF at the choroid plexus?
Ependymal cell
An EPSP
is a direct result of the opening of ligand-gated channels permeable to both Na + and K + ions.
What specialized structure of the arachnoid mater allows cerebrospinal fluid to return to venous blood supply?
Arachnoid granulations
All catecholamines are synthesized from what amino acid?
Tyrosine
True or False: A sensory modality refers to the specific stimuli/information that a receptor can encode
True
Which muscle: Prime mover of inversion and plantarflexes foot
Tibialis posterior
Which muscle: Flexes and rotates leg medially (unlocks extended knee)
Popliteus
Which muscle: Extends leg and stabilizes knee
Vastus lateralis
Which muscle: Extends leg
Vastus intermedius
Which muscle: Plantarflexes foot and flexes knee
Gastrocnemius
Which muscle: Plantarflexes and inverts foot, flexes hallux
Flexor hallucis longus
Which muscle: Prime mover of dorsiflexion, inverts foot
Tibialis anterior
Which muscle: Plantarflexes foot and important in locomotion and posture
Solus
Which muscle: Extends digits 2-5
Extensor digitorum longus
Which muscle: Extends hallux and dorsiflexes foot
Extensor hallucis longus
Which muscle: Plantarflexes and everts foot
Fibularis longus (with brevis)
Which muscle: Plantar flexes and inverts foot, flexes toes
Flexor digitorum longus
True or False: Inhibitory post-synaptic potentials must be hyperpolarizing graded potentials.
True
A channel opens on a postsynaptic membrane that causes a negative ion to enter the cell. What type of graded potential is this?
Hyperpolarizing
Point of communication-
Synapse
Receptive process-
Dendrite
Biosynthetic and metabolic center-
Soma
Conducting processes-
Axon
Which of the following structures (lobes) is primarily responsible for processing auditory information?
Temporal lobe
What two types of macromolecules are the main components of myelin?
lipids and proteins
Which is NOT an example of a graded potential?
A depolarizing action potential
What type of glial cell provides myelin for the axons in a tract?
Oligodendrocyte
Which of the following structures would send information on discriminative touch to the thalamus
Dorsal column medial meniscal tract
What is the best description of electric current?
The net movement of charged particles
The semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris (long head) all belong to what muscle group?
Hamstrings
Using a micropipette, a neuroscientist injects an axon with enough Na + ions to move the membrane potential +25mV (from resting).
Voltage-GATED Na + channels will be TRIGGERED TO OPEN.
Which term describes a bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system?
nerve
An action potential in a neuronal membrane differs from a graded potential in that
an action potential is propagated without decrement, whereas a graded potential decrements with distance.
What type of input do afferent neurons carry?
Sensory
Nicotinic receptors are expressed on skeletal muscle cells. Which of the following would likely be a side-effect of the use of nicotine, an agonist for those receptors?
Muscle cell twitches (contractions)
Antagonists are chemicals which:
Blocks the receptor site
Which of the following is a prime mover in head flexion?
Sternocleidomastoid
Which functional division of the nervous system would be responsible for the physiological changes seen during exercise (e.g., increased heart rate and sweating)?
Autonomic
Which of the following substances is least able to cross the blood-brain barrier?
White blood cells
Which structure provides lateral stabilization of the spinal cord?
Denticulate ligament
Which is not a function of the cerebrospinal fluid?
Redistributing neurotransmitters
Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for planning the movement of skeletal muscle?
Premotor cortex
Which is TRUE about typical, resting neurons?
The permeability of the plasma membrane to potassium ions is much greater than its permeability to sodium ions.
True or False: Strong stimuli are encoded as an increased frequency in action potentials.
True
What region of the spinal cord contains motor neurons that direct the movement of skeletal muscles?
Ventral horn
Which is one of the major inhibitory neurotransmitters in the CNS?
GABA
Which region of gray matter in the spinal cord contains motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles?
Ventral horn
Two stimuli occur on the same neuron more than a minute apart. The second stimulus is more than ten times greater than the first. If we compare the two resulting action potentials, which is TRUE?
The second stimulus will lead to an action potential with a longer duration.
Which of the following would NOT be categorized as a “somatic” sensation?
Sound
The spinal cord passes through which landmark of the vertebral column?
Vertebral foramen
Why type of input do efferent neurons carry?
Motor
Smile – you are on the multiple choice. Which muscle has an action that could be described as helping you smile by elevating the angle of the mouth?
Zygomaticus major
True or False: Generally speaking, all nicotinic receptors illicit an excitatory response on the postsynaptic neuron
True
Visual signals travel on myelinated axons. While most pain signals travel on unmyelinated axons. If you get a paper cut, will you see the cut happen or feel the pain first?
You will experience the visual sensation before the pain sensation.
Which of the following neurotransmitters would you expect to find active in the synapses activated during your study sessions devoted to learning the neurotransmitters?
Glutamate
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by which structure?
Choroid plexus
Which of the following statements regarding the determination of stimulus intensity is true?
The frequency of action potentials increases with increasing stimulus intensity.
Which of the following structures (lobes) is primarily responsible for processing motor information?
Frontal lobe
Which of the following structures would send motor information to skeletal muscle?
Ventral horn
The relative refractory period of an axon coincides with the period of
increased K + permeability of the cell.
Endorphans belong to which class of neurotransmitters?
Neuropeptides
What category of receptors do Pacinian corpuscles belong to?
Mechanoreceptors
True or False: Drug Z is an agonist for a neurotransmitter receptor. It has a much higher affinity for the receptor and binds four times longer than the endogenous neurotransmitter. If you compare drug Z with the endogenous neurotransmitter, it’s likely that drug Z will cause more frequent action potentials than the endogenous ligand.
True
What is required for neurotransmitters to be released?
Calcium has to enter the axon terminal
What is the best description of depolarization?
The net movement of ions across a cell membrane resulting in the interior becoming LESS NEGATIVE respective to the extracellular fluid
What is the best description of hyperpolarization?
The net movement of ions across a cell membrane resulting in the interior becoming MORE NEGATIVE respective to the extracellular fluid
Which of the following cavities contains a component of the central nervous system?
Cranial
Which of the following is probably going to propagate an action potential fastest?
a thick, myelinated axon
Inside a neuron, calcium binding sites are likely found on
proteins associated with synaptic vesicles.
All metabotropic receptors:
Generate metabolic changes in the cell
Select all of the following which are structures of the central nervous system (CNS)
- Ventral, Dorsal, and Lateral horns
- Ventral, Dorsal, and Lateral columns
- Gray commissure
Select all of the following which are structures of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
- Ventral root
- Dorsal root
- Dorsal root ganglion
Which of the following describes action potential
Long distance, voltage-dependent, and initiated only at the axon hillock
The vastus intermedius muscle is deep to which of the following muscles?
rectus femoris
Receptors transduce ___________ into a _________ potential which can then cause an ___________ potential which travels through the ________ order neuron.
stimuli ; graded ; action ; first
What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?
acetylcholine
What type of receptor cell is responsible for transducing pain stimuli?
nociceptor
True or False: Myelinated structures appear white due because myelin is rich in carbohydrates
FALSE
Which part of a neuron contains the nucleus?
Soma
Which muscle pair plays a role in respiration?
diaphragm, intercostals
Which of the following structures would send information on crude touch to the thalamus
Spinothalamic tract
True or False: Neuroglia are the cells that form the basis of signaling within the nervous system?
FALSE
Which muscle originates on the transverse process of vertebrae and laterally flexes the vertebral column?
Intertransversarii
Select all that apply:
What processes are involved in the electrochemical gradients involved with membrane potentials
Active transport of ions
Diffusion based on concentration gradients
Diffusion based on charge
Which muscle originates on the transverse process of vertebrae and laterally flexes the vertebral column?
Intertransversaii
Which of the following structures can be classified as postsynaptic?
Glands
Skeletal muscles
Neurons
Nicotine is
a cholinergic agonist.
Which is one of the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitters in the CNS?
Glutamate
The activity of acetylcholinesterase is an example of:
Neurotransmitter degradation by an enzyme
Which of the following abdominal muscles is not a part of the anterior abdominal wall?
quadratus lumborum
How much of a change in the membrane potential is necessary for the summation of postsynaptic potentials to result in an action potential being generated?
+15 mV
Which of the following neuron shapes would you expect to be associated with general senses
Unipolar
What does a ligand-gated channel require in order to open?
binding of a neurotransmitter
Procaine (Novocain) is a drug that blocks voltage-gated Na + channels. When present, what would happen in a neuron?
Graded potentials are possible, but the neuron will not have the depolarizing phase of the action potential
True or False: Sensory information is invested with emotional significance in association areas in the frontal lobes and limbic system.
True
What is the largest muscle in the lower leg?
gastrocnemius
True or False: If a graded potential on a dendrite results in a 5mV depolarization, the depolarization at the axon hillock of the axon might be less than 5mV.
True
Select all of the following which are gray matter structures within the spinal cord
Gray commissure + Dorsal, Ventral, and Lateral horns
Which of the following is unique to the muscles of facial expression?
They insert into the skin.
Which layer of the meninges surrounds and supports the sinuses that form the route through which blood drains from the CNS?
dura mater
True or False: Afferent is a term that is synonymous with motor
FALSE
(In membrane potential) What event happens at the point labeled 3?
Voltage-gated sodium channels are opening in a positive feedback loop known as depolarization
Which of the following structures can be classified as presynaptic?
Neurons
Which is incorrect for Flexion and Crossed Extensor Reflexes
Noxious/painful stimuli must be received from both limbs results in both excitatory and inhibitory signals on BOTH sides of the spinal cord
In which dural septum would you expect to find the superior sagittal sinus
Falx cerebri
What type of receptor requires an effector protein to initiate a signal?
metabotropic receptor
Which of the following structures would send motor information to glands?
Lateral horn
Which is TRUE about the Na+, K+ ATPase (sodium-potassium) pump in neurons?
It generates a small electrical potential such that the inside is made negative with respect to the outside.
Which of the following is not a muscle of the rotator cuff
Teres major
How is the strength of a stimulus encoded by neurons?
By the frequency of action potentials
True or False: Ligand gated channels will open in response to a change in voltage.
FALSE
Which of the following structures (lobes) is primarily responsible for processing olfactory information?
Temporal lobe
Where is the inferior oblique muscle located?
in the eye socket
Select all of the following which are white matter structures within the spinal cord
Ventral, Dorsal, and Lateral column
From which meningeal layer would you attempt to withdraw cerebrospinal fluid circulating around the spinal cord?
Arachnoid mater
All ionotropic receptors:
Directly allow the movement of ions across the cell membrane
Which part of a neuron transmits an electrical signal to a target cell?
axon
True or False: Electrical synapses can send transmissions in both directions.
True
True or False: GABA is a neurotransmitter which generally has inhibitory activity.
True
Spinal nerves exit from which landmark of the vertebral column?
Intervertebral foramen
The large muscle group that attaches the leg to the pelvic girdle and produces extension of the hip joint is the ________ group.
gluteal
What ion enters a neuron causing depolarization of the cell membrane?
sodium
Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for initiating the movement of skeletal muscle?
Precentral gyrus
Which of these locations is where the greatest level of integration is taking place in the example of testing the temperature of the shower?
cerebral cortex
When you eat a spicy pepper, such as a jalepeño, why do you perceive heat in your mouth?
A chemical within the jalepeño acts as a stimulus for thermoreceptors.
At which point does the spinal cord typically end?
L1-L2
True or False: Generally speaking, all nicotinic receptors illicit an excitatory response on the presynaptic neuron
FALSE
(In membrane potential) What event happens at the point labeled 5?
Voltage-gated potassium channels are open and repolarizing the membrane
Which structure provides longitudinal stabilization of the spinal cord?
Coccygeal ligament
Which structure predominates in the white matter of the brain?
myelinated axons
Which of the following structures (lobes) is primarily responsible for processing somatosensory information?
Parietal lobe
What type of cellular junctions would you expect to find in electrical synapses?
Gap junctions
True or False: Ligand gated channels will open in response to the binding of a neurotransmitter.
True
True or False: Excitatory post-synaptic potentials must be depolarizing graded potentials.
True
True or False: Motor information travels in descending tracts in the spinal cord
True
What type of reflex can protect the foot when a painful stimulus is sensed?
withdrawal reflex
What does a mechanically gated channel respond to?
physical stimulus
A postsynaptic neuron has three presynaptic inputs—from neurons X, Y, and Z.
- Stimulation of neuron X causes the postsynaptic neuron to depolarize by 0.5 mV.
- When X and Y are stimulated simultaneously, the postsynaptic neuron depolarizes by 1 mV.
- When X and Z are stimulated simultaneously,there is no change in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron.
What is most likely true about presynaptic neurons Y and Z?
Y is excitatory and Z is inhibitory.
True or False: The pelvic diaphragm is a set of muscles which divide the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
FALSE
Which is most directly responsible for the falling (repolarizing) phase of the action potential?
The permeability to K + increases greatly while permeability to Na + decreases.
True or False: Continuous conduction requires myelin sheath gaps for transmission
FALSE
What is the linea alba?
a long tendon that runs down the middle of the rectus abdominis
Which region of the frontal lobe is responsible for initiating movement by directly connecting to cranial and spinal motor neurons?
primary motor cortex
Which describes the response of the voltage-gated channels when an axon is stimulated to threshold?
Na + channels are activated and then inactivated.
Where is the temporalis muscle located?
on the side of the head
True or False: Generally speaking, serotonin is excitatory in sensory pathways
FALSE
Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for somatosensation?
Postcentral gyrus
Inverse agonists are chemicals which:
Binds to the same receptors as a neurotransmitter and has the opposite effect
What specialized structure of the arachnoid mater allows cerebrospinal fluid to flow around structures of the central nervous system
Subarachnoid space
Which muscles stabilize the pectoral girdle?
axial and scapular
Which muscle originates on the spinous process of vertebrae and extends the vertebral column?
Interpinales
What is the origin of the wrist flexors?
the medial epicondyle of the humerus
True or False: Saltatory conduction requires myelin sheath gaps for transmission?
True
Which is the only meningeal layer in direct contact with the structures of the central nervous system
Pia mater
Which of the following receptor types would detect stimuli resulting from vibration?
Mechanoreceptor
Which location on the body has the largest region of somatosensory cortex representing it, according to the sensory homunculus?
lips
Which of the following structures would receive sensory information from the dorsal root
Dorsal horn
Which of the following neuron shapes would you expect to be associated with motor impulses
Multipolar
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for generating motor commands?
frontal
True or False: Chemical synapses can send transmission in both directions.
FALSE
You are drinking hot chocolate on a cold morning. Which of the following receptors will detect the temperature of the beverage?
Thermoreceptors
True or False: Your fingertips are highly sensitive, yet geographically small areas of your body. You expect the area of the somatosensory cortex that receives afferent stimuli from them to be quite small as well.
FALSE
Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for speech?
Broca’s area
Which of the following neuron shapes would you expect to be associated with vision
Bipolar
Which muscle abducts and medially rotates the femur?
Gluteus medius
Select all that apply:
Cholinergic systems are characterized as having:
- Nicotinic receptors
- Muscarinic receptors
- Acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter
- Acetylcholinesterase
The conversion of graded potentials to action potentials requires which of the following processes (select all that apply)
- Opening of ligand-gated CATION channels
- A strong enough stimulus to cause the axon hillock to sum the DEPOLARIZING graded potentials to reach threshold
