Cancelled Exam 2 Flashcards
intrinsic knowledge & will see on final
What is the complementary DNA pairing for the following DNA sequence:
GGCTACATCCTGGAG
CCGATGTAGGACCTC
What is the base in the equation:
HCl + NaHCO3 –> NaCl + H2O + CO2
NaHCO3
What is the acid in the equation:
HCl + NaHCO3 –> NaCl + H2O + CO2
HCl
What are the products of the equation:
HCl + NaHCO3 –> NaCl + H2O + CO2
NaCl, H2O, and CO2
What is the salt in the equation:
HCl + NaHCO3 –> NaCl + H2O + CO2
NaCl
What are the reactants in the equation:
HCl + NaHCO3 –> NaCl + H2O + CO2
HCl and NaHCO3
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of a carrier protein in a plasma membrane?
It exhibits a specificity for a particular type of molecule.
(photo description) The diagram provides a cut-view drawing of a phospholipid bilayer. The membrane structure appears as two rows of circles separated by pairs of lines emanating from each circle toward the other row. Peripheral membrane proteins are on either the cell exterior or interior, without crossing the membrane. Integral membrane proteins span the entire membrane, from interior to exterior. A vertical dark area represents a channel in one of the membrane proteins.
Does the model show a cross-sectional, or side view of a membrane?
Yes
Why do denatured proteins have reduced or lost function?
due to a loss of functional shape
(photo description) The diagram provides a cut-view drawing of a phospholipid bilayer. The membrane structure appears as two rows of circles separated by pairs of lines emanating from each circle toward the other row. Peripheral membrane proteins are on either the cell exterior or interior, without crossing the membrane. Integral membrane proteins span the entire membrane, from interior to exterior. A vertical dark area represents a channel in one of the membrane proteins.
Are three different types of macromolecules represented in this model?
Yes
Which type of epithelial tissue specializes in moving particles across its surface?
pseudostratified/ ciliated columnar
(photo description) The diagram provides a cut-view drawing of a phospholipid bilayer. The membrane structure appears as two rows of circles separated by pairs of lines emanating from each circle toward the other row. Peripheral membrane proteins are on either the cell exterior or interior, without crossing the membrane. Integral membrane proteins span the entire membrane, from interior to exterior. A vertical dark area represents a channel in one of the membrane proteins.
Does the shape with the dark area represent a barrier to transport?
No
(photo description) The diagram provides a cut-view drawing of a phospholipid bilayer. The membrane structure appears as two rows of circles separated by pairs of lines emanating from each circle toward the other row. Peripheral membrane proteins are on either the cell exterior or interior, without crossing the membrane. Integral membrane proteins span the entire membrane, from interior to exterior. A vertical dark area represents a channel in one of the membrane proteins.
The phospholipids are drawn with their heads and tails in the correct orientation in the bilayer.
Yes
RNA synthesis from a DNA template…
is called transcription (of the message)
Ion pumps and phagocytosis are both examples of ________
active transport
An individual using a sharp knife notices a small amount of blood where he just cut himself. Which of the following layers of skin did he have to cut into in order to bleed?
papillary dermis
In response to stimuli from the sympathetic nervous system, the arrector pili ________
are responsible for goosebumps
Lipids that form membranes have what kind of structure?
Polar heads and nonpolar tails; the polar heads interact with water.
What is the function of oxidases contained within peroxisomes?
Neutralize toxins by converting them into H2O2
Why are unsaturated lipids liquid at room temperature?
The C=C bond decreases how tightly molecules can pack together
Select all of the following characteristics which describe skeletal muscle tissue
- many nuclei
- striated
- Peripheral nucleus
Which statement is correct regarding the diffusion of a nonpolar solute “X” across a cell membrane?
At equilibrium, the net flux of “X” across the cell membrane is zero.
The rate of a reaction occurring in the absence of its enzyme is one molecule of product made per second. Which of the following is likely in the presence of its enzyme?
One hundred molecules per minute
Tamoxifen is a breast-cancer drug that binds to the estrogen receptor. When in the body, tamoxifen binds to the estrogen receptor for much longer than the patient’s own estrogen. Tamoxifen stays bound for so long that it prevents the binding of circulating estrogen to its receptor. Tamoxifen must have a higher __________ for the estrogen receptor than estrogen.
affinity
The cell membrane is composed mainly of _________.
phospholipids and proteins
Which best describes functions of the smooth (agranular) endoplasmic reticulum?
Synthesis of lipids and intracellular storage of calcium ions
Are insoluble in water
lipids
What is true about osmosis?
In osmosis, water moves across a membrane from areas of lower solute concentration to areas of higher solute concentration.
Which of the following lines the body cavities exposed to the external environment?
mucosa
With which of the following nucleotides will thymine complementary pair?
adenine
Which of the following crosses lipid bilayers the fastest?
A small, nonpolar molecule like oxygen (O2)
The process by which a less specialized cell matures into a more specialized cell is called ________.
differentiation
Which type of organelle or structure is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?
smooth ER
Why does a fever become dangerous to body functions if it continues to rise?
Proteins become denatured and are unable to complete their jobs.
Order of steps for producing and secreting dermicidin. (protein synthesis)
1.) DNA contains a gene that codes for dermicidin
2.) The gene for dermicidin is transcribed from DNA to messenger (mRNA)
3.) The mRNA exits the nucleus
4.) The mRNA enters the rough endoplasmic reticulum
5.) Ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum translate the mRNA into dermicidin
6.) Dermicidin is packaged into a transport vesicle
7.) Dermicidin is modified within the Golgi apparatus
8.) Dermicidin is packaged into a secretory vesicle
9.) The secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane
10.) Dermicidin is secreted by exocytosis
The cells responsible for the transmission of the nerve impulse are ________.
neurons
How does a chemical catalyst increase the rate of a reaction?
By decreasing the energy of activation
Does the Movement of Na+ ions from a lower concentration in a mammalian cell to a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid require energy from ATP?
yes
A DNA strand with the sequence AACGTAACG is transcribed. What is the sequence of the mRNA molecule synthesized?
UUGCAUUGC
Ions diffuse across membranes through specific ion channels down ________.
their electrochemical gradients
What are the 4 types of tissues?
nervous, muscle, epithelial, and connective
Lactose, a sugar in milk, is composed of one glucose molecule joined by a glycosidic linkage to one galactose molecule. How is lactose classified?
disaccharide
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
swelling, redness, heat (not fever)
Which describes the action of a ligand’s competitive antagonist?
It blocks the binding of the ligand to its binding site and prevents activation of the protein.
Characteristics of epithelial tissue
avascular, cellularity, and polarity (not contractible)
A phospholipid is a ________.
nonpolar lipid molecule that is made amphipathic by the addition of a phosphate
Skeletal muscle is composed of very hard working cells. Which organelles do you expect to find in abundance in skeletal muscle cell?
mitochondria
Cyanide binds with at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide will be found within the ________
mitochondria
Which of the following is the epithelial tissue that lines the interior of blood vessels?
simple squamous
Which of the following macromolecules leaves the nucleus of a human cell through pores in the nuclear membrane?
mRNA
Which form of endocytosis is nonspecific, in that it occurs by the formation of an invagination of the plasma membrane, which then fills with interstitial fluid of the immediate area?
pinocytosis
Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in human cells?
mitochondrion
The ability of an enzyme’s active sites to bind only substrates of compatible shape and charge is known as ________.
specificity
True or false: Moving from a pH of 6 to a pH of 7 there is a 10x decrease in the concentration of hydrogen cations.
True
The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires the _______
release of water molecules
What region of the steroid cholesterol is hydrophilic?
The terminal hydroxyl group
Ty is three years old and as a result of a “stomach bug” has been vomiting for about 24 hours. His blood pH is 7.48. What does this mean?
Ty’s blood is slightly alkaline.
Which of the following allows water to move much faster across cell membranes?
Aquaporins
Which of the following develops from the endoderm
lung
Which of these best reflects the following relationship: monosaccharide versus polysaccharide?
Glucose versus glycogen
Transcription and translation, respectively, take place in the ________ and ________
nucleus; cytoplasm
In bone, the main cells are ________.
osteocytes
The papillary layer of the dermis is most closely associated with which layer of the epidermis?
stratum basale
True or false: Endocrine glands secrete onto body surfaces or cavities
False
Which of the following lipids can be found in the plasma membrane?
.25/.5
Cholesterol
Eicosanoids
Phospholipids
Triglycerides
Differentiated cells in a developing embryo derive from ________.
ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
Red blood cells have a higher proportion of aquaporins on the membrane than skin cells do. If the osmotic pressures are equal, which of the following is true?
The rate of osmosis is faster in red blood cells than in skin cells.
Cells release products through pinching off of the apical region but the cell remains alive
apocrine mode of secretion
Cells release products through exocytosis
eccrine mode of secretion
The cell ruptures (lysis) and dies
holocrine mode of secretion
The pH of a solution shifts from a pH of 2 to a pH of 5. Which of the following values most closely matches the change in proton concentration associated with this shift
1000x decrease
Which of the following connective tissues would you expect to find in tendons and ligaments?
Dense regular connective tissue
Which of the following is the molecule that carries the indicated amino acid into the ribosome to use when making the indicated protein during translation?
tRNA
A pentose sugar is a part of the monomer used to build which type of macromolecule?
nucleic acids
Which of the following is true about mediated transport of substances across cell membranes?
It involves a specific membrane protein that functions as a carrier molecule.
What will happen if a normal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?
It will shrink in size.
In which organelle are carbohydrate chains added to glycoproteins?
Golgi apparatus
ATP is __________.
used to transfer energy within a cell.
Which of the following connective tissues would you expect to find in areas of the body exposed to both compressive and shearing forces?
Fibrocartilage
A cell with a predominance of free ribosomes is most likely ________.
primarily producing proteins in the cytosol
Which of the following statements regarding endocytosis or exocytosis is correct?
Exocytosis is a method by which large molecules may be secreted from a cell.
Which of the following is the strongest evidence that protein structure and function are correlated?
Denatured (unfolded) proteins do not function normally.
What is the role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?
Increase the rate of the reaction
What is true about an acid?
- Ionize in water and release hydrogen cations
- Considered proton donors
- The strength is determined by how many cations are released
- Lower than 7 on the pH scale
Which of the following is not a function of carbohydrates in the human body?
Used as energy storage in the form of starch
True or False: The shape of a protein determines its function(s).
True
Which organelles would you expect to be especially numerous in cells such as muscle cells that have a tremendous demand for energy in the form of ATP?
Mitochondria
A membrane protein that spans the phospholipid bilayer one or more times is ________.
a transmembrane protein
Why is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum unable to synthesize proteins?
No ribosomes are attached to its surface.
ATP is…
a nucleotide
Collagen lends ________ to the skin.
structure ?
Where would you most likely find an integral membrane protein?
Spanning the cell membrane, with parts of the protein visible from both the inside and the outside of the cell
One of the buffers that contribute to pH stability in human blood is carbonic acid (H2CO3). Carbonic acid is a weak acid that, when placed in an aqueous solution, dissociates into a bicarbonate ion (HCO3−) and a hydrogen ion (H+), as noted below.
H2CO3 <-> HCO3- + H+
If the pH of blood increases, one would expect ________
a decrease in the concentration of H2CO3 and an increase in the concentration of HCO3-
Which type of interaction stabilizes the α-helix and the β-pleated sheet structures of proteins?
Hydrogen bonds
Which of the following crosses lipid bilayers the slowest?
A sodium ion
The nerve impulse travels down a(n) ________, away from the cell body.
axon
which processes can occur without the direct use of ATP?
- Secondary active transport
- Facilitated Diffusion
- Simple diffusion
Striations, cylindrical cells, and multiple nuclei are observed in ________.
skeletal muscle only
As you are walking down the beach, you see a dead, dry, shriveled-up fish. Which layer of your epidermis keeps you from drying out?
stratum corneum
The rough ER has its name due to what associated structures?
ribosomes
What is true about an integral membrane protein?
- is an amphiphathic molecule
- has a region that is exposed to the extracellular fluid, a region that spans the membrane, and another region that is exposed to the intracellular fluid.
What makes one amino acid different from another?
Different side chains (R-groups) attached to an α carbon
Sebaceous glands ________.
are associated with hair follicles
What is true regarding the structure and function of cell membranes?
The phospholipid bilayer is arranged so that the hydrophilic heads of the phospholipid molecule face the extra- and intracellular fluids.
The ________ exocrine gland stores its secretion until the glandular cell ruptures.
holocrine
The ________ gland releases its apical region and reforms.
apocrine
Which is a major function of the plasma membrane?
Regulating the passage of molecules into and out of the cell
Ligaments connect bones together and withstand a lot of stress. What type of connective tissue should you expect ligaments to contain?
dense regular connective tissue
True or False: The active site of an enzyme is a functional binding site.
true
Why do humans produce carbon dioxide?
Carbon dioxide is a waste product of making ATP
With which of the following nucleotides will uracil complementary pair?
adenine
Which of the following is a feature that distinguishes active transport from facilitated diffusion?
Requirement for metabolic energy
Which of the following is a feature common to all three components of the cytoskeleton?
They are all polymers of protein subunits.
What are the functions of the Golgi apparatus
Modifying proteins synthesized on ribosomes associated with granular endoplasmic reticulum and allowing the distribution of modified proteins throughout the cell in vesicles
Uracil
- contains nitrogen
- is a pyrimidine
- and is found in RNA
The papillary and reticular layers of the dermis are composed mainly of ________.
connective tissue
The cells of muscles, myocytes, develop from ________.
myoblasts
Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large, complex, undigested lipids. Which cellular organelle must be involved in this condition?
the lysosome
With which of the following nucleotides will guanine complementary pair?
cytosine
Which of the following is true about the actions of the sodium-potassium pump (select all that are true)?
.4/.5
The sodium-potassium pump creates an electrical disequilibrium.
The sodium-potassium pump directly uses ATP =
The sodium-potassium pump creates chemical disequilibrium. =
It is expressed only on select cell types
The sodium-potassium pump is an example of countertransport. =
How do carbohydrates contain and/or display information for cells?
Carbohydrates contain and display information at the cell surface.
CO 2 is a small, non-polar molecule. By what mechanism will this molecule cross the cell membrane?
simple diffusion.
Ion channels in cell membranes ____________.
may open in response to binding a ligand.
In receptor-mediated endocytosis, receptor molecules initially project to the outside of the cell. Where do they end up after endocytosis?
On the inside surface of the vesicle
What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum → Golgi apparatus → Vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane
Lipids that contain a high number of double bonds in their fatty acid chains will ________.
likely be liquid at room temperature
Which of the following processes includes all others?
passive transport
Aquaporins are proteins that control the passage of water molecules across a cell membrane. The protein forms a pore, or opening, in the membrane. You isolate what you think are two different molecules of aquaporin and determine that one of the proteins has a larger pore diameter than the second. Which of the following do you conclude?
These two forms of aquaporin will have different sequences of amino acids.
If all other conditions remain the same and the concentration of a nonpenetrating solute increases inside a cell, which is most likely to occur?
Water will tend to enter the cell because the interior has an increased osmolarity.
DNA contains which bases?
adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
Which of the following is NOT a potential function of proteins?
Energy storage that can be easily digested and metabolized
Which of the following statements about epithelial cells or epithelial transport is FALSE?
The plasma membrane of epithelial cells that face the inside of a hollow or fluid-filled chamber in the body is called the basolateral membrane.
Place the mixtures in order of most heterogenous (#1) to least heterogenous (#3)
(solution, colloid, & suspension)
3= Solution
2= Colloid
1=Suspension
With which of the following nucleotides will cytosine complementary pair?
guanine
Which of the following is not a function of the hypodermis?
source of blood vessels in the epidermis
Which of the following tissue types would you expect to find lining a blood vessel?
endothelium
The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a molecule made by linking three glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions?
C18H32O16
Type the mRNA transcript for the following DNA sequence.
GGCTACATCCTGGAG
CCGAUGUAGGACCUC
In DNA, nucleotide bonding forms a compound with a characteristic shape known as a(n) ________.
double helix
Connective tissue is made of which three essential components?
cells, ground substance, and protein fibers
True or flase: Enzymes catalyze reactions and are consumed (used up) in that reaction.
False
In general, polar molecules diffuse more rapidly through the lipid bilayer part of cell membranes than do nonpolar molecules.
This statement is _____________.
(unknown)
true.
false, because the rate of diffusion of nonpolar and polar molecules through the bilayer is essentially the same as long as the molecules are the same size.
false, because polar molecules diffuse through less rapidly because the bilayer is nonpolar throughout its width. X
false, because polar molecules diffuse through less rapidly because the bilayer is polar throughout its width.
false, because nonpolar molecules diffuse through more rapidly because much of the bilayer is nonpolar.
Which of the following is true of an base (select all that apply)?
- Ionize in water and release hydroxyl anions
- Greater than 7 on the pH scale
- Considered proton acceptors
A solution with a pH of 5 has how many more protons in it than a solution with a pH of 7?
100x
A patient was involved in a serious accident and lost a large quantity of blood. An inexperienced observer suggests replenishing body fluids by adding distilled water to the blood directly via one of their veins. What would be the most probable result of this transfusion?
The patient’s red blood cells will swell and possibly burst because the blood has become hypotonic compared to the cells.
Which of the following is a function of the rough ER?
production of proteins
true or false: The final equilibrium state reached by a molecule that enters a cell by facilitated diffusion is the same as that for a molecule that enters the cell by diffusion.
true
Diffusion is to ________ as endocytosis is to ________.
osmosis; pinocytosis
The diffusion of substances within a solution tends to move those substances ________ their ________ gradient.
down (with); concentration
Which connective tissue specializes in storage of fat?
adipose tissue
Which of the following sequences on a DNA molecule would be complementary to GCTTATAT?
CGAATATA
Which of the following is the term for the 3 letter codes of the mRNA molecule that ribosomes use to synthesize new proteins?
codons
Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?
proteins
RNA contains which bases?
adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
True or false: Both primary and secondary active transport require the expenditure of metabolic energy.
true
In which organelle is most of the ATP generated in a cell?
mitochondria
If the ATP-generating mechanisms in a cell are poisoned and the cell depletes its ATP reserves, which would occur first?
Primary active transport of molecules would cease.
Which tissue types would you expect to find in an area exposed to abrasion
Stratified squamous epithelium
true or false: Lysosomes are organelles specialized for breaking down intracellular debris or malfunctioning parts of cells.
true
C6H12O6 is the chemical formula for a ________.
hexose monosaccharide
Spherocytosis is a human blood disorder associated with a defective cytoskeletal protein in the red blood cells (RBCs). What do you suspect is the consequence of such a defect?
Abnormally shaped RBCs
What organic compound do brain cells primarily rely on for fuel?
glucose
What component of amino acid structure varies among different amino acids?
The components of the R-group
With which of the following nucleotides will adenine complementary pair?
thymine & uracil
You make a phospholipid bilayer with short, saturated hydrocarbon tails. You measure the permeability of this membrane to oxygen. You then double the length of the hydrocarbon tails and remeasure membrane permeability. Next, you again double the length of the hydrocarbon tails and make a third measurement of membrane permeability. You graph membrane permeability as a function of hydrocarbon tail length. Which of the accompanying graphs best represents the data you expect?
negative, linear slope
Which of the following develops from the mesoderm?
cardiac muscle
Which of the following connective tissue would you expect to see extensively in the hypodermis?
Adipose connective tissue
A phospholipid ________.
can donate both cations and anions in solution
is a building block of ATP
Which of the following develops from the ectoderm
skin
Select all of the following processes that move molecules with their concentration gradient and do not require the use of cellular ATP
osmosis, simple diffusion, and facilitated diffusion
Because they are embedded within the membrane, ion channels are examples of ________.
integral proteins
Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell?
Rough ER
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of muscle tissue?
Polarity
Under what circumstances does membrane transport require energy?
Whenever a solute is moved against its electrochemical gradient (next choice)
Which of the following contains hydrolytic enzymes?
Lysosome
Which of the following produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted?
Golgi apparatus
Which of the following is true of goblet cells?
- They are unicellular exocrine glands
- They produce the protein mucin
- In the digestive tract they assist in reducing friction across the epithelial surface
- In the respiratory tract they assist in trapping debris
A template DNA strand has the sequence AACGTAACG What is the sequence of the complementary strand of DNA?
TTGCATTGC
Which of the following is a functional group that is part of a building block of proteins?
amino
Select all of the following that characterize inflammation
- Swelling
- Localized heat
- Pain
- Redness
Which of the following factors affect the rate of a chemical reaction
- Temperature
- Concentration of reactants
- Surface area of reactants
In observing epithelial cells under a microscope, the cells are arranged in a single layer and look tall and narrow, and the nucleus is located close to the basal side of the cell. The specimen is what type of epithelial tissue?
columnar
Which of the following organelles produces large quantities of ATP when both glucose and oxygen are available to the cell?
mitochondria
A certain protein receptor is capable of binding the neurotransmitter epinephrine but does not bind to the neurotransmitters dopamine, glutamate, or serotonin. This is because the receptor displays what characteristic?
specificity
Eccrine sweat glands ________.
are present in the skin throughout the body and produce watery sweat
