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A & P > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: Cranial sutures are fibrous and amphiarthrosis joints

A

false

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2
Q

Which of these organs are involved in maintaining blood calcium levels?
- Parathyroid gland
- Kidneys
- Bones
- Thyroid gland

A

All

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3
Q

The lambdoid suture joins the parietal bone to the ________.

A

occipital bone

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4
Q

Yellow marrow has been identified as ________.

A

an area of fat storage

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5
Q

Which term is used to describe movement towards the longitudinal axis?

A

adduction

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6
Q

Which of the following skin cancers is most likely to metastasize?

A

melanoma

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7
Q

In adults, new connective tissue cells originate from the ________.

A

mesenchyme

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8
Q

At synovial joints, ________.

A

the joint cavity is filled with a thick, lubricating fluid

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9
Q

Which of the following terms describes a muscle that has (is) a shorter length or tendon?

A

Minimus/Minor

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10
Q

Which of the following is a function of the axial skeleton?

A

supports trunk of body

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11
Q

Which hormones are responsible for the adolescent growth spurt?

A

estrogen and testosterone

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12
Q

Which of the following are only found in cancellous bone?

A

trabeculae

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12
Q

Which of the following tissue types would you expect to find in an area exposed to abrasion?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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13
Q

Which type of joint provides the greatest range of motion?

A

ball and socket

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14
Q

Which one of the following foods is best for bone health?

A

leafy green vegetables

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15
Q

True or False: Following a fracture, the processes of endochondral ossification are used to transition fibrocartilage to bone?

A

true

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16
Q

The sternal angle is the ________.

A

junction between the manubrium and body

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17
Q

What is the function of the collateral ligaments?

A

Extracapsular ligaments to reinforce the joint capsule

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18
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic of muscle tissue?

A

polarity

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19
Q

What do the terms medius imply?

A

Middle

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20
Q

Which of the following connective tissues would you expect to find in areas of the body exposed to both compressive and shearing forces?

A

fibrocartilage

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21
Q

Which type of epithelial tissue specializes in moving particles across its surface?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

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22
Q

true or false: You would expect an Olympic sprinter to have skeletal muscle organs with a greater percentage of fast glycolytic fibers.

A

true

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23
Q

Binding of __________ to myosin permits cross-bridge __________ between actin and myosin in skeletal muscle cells.

A

ATP; detachment

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24
Q

The radius bone ________.

A

has a head that articulates with the radial notch of the ulna

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25
Q

Wolff’s law, which describes the effect of mechanical forces in bone modeling/remodeling, would predict that ________

A

a right-handed pitcher will have thicker bones in his right arm compared to his left.

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26
Q

Which of the following molecules directly blocks the active site and prevents muscle contraction?

A

Tropomyosin

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27
Q

Rank/Order the skin cancers from most severe (worst prognosis) to least severe (best prognosis)

A

Basal cell carcinoma (least sever)
Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma (most sever)

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28
Q

A gomphosis ________.

A

anchors a tooth to the jaw

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29
Q

Which is moved the least during muscle contraction?

A

the origin

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30
Q

Differentiated cells in a developing embryo derive from ________.

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

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31
Q

Skeletal muscle is composed of very hard working cells. Which organelles do you expect to find in abundance in skeletal muscle cell?

A

mitochondria

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32
Q

Which of the following are found in compact bone and cancellous bone?

A

lacunae

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33
Q

The cell membrane of a muscle fiber is called ________.

A

sarcolemma

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34
Q

Which of the following processes is not a cardinal sign of inflammation?

A

fever

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35
Q

Which of the following do you expect to find in the papillary layer of the dermis (select all that apply).

A

Capillary loops

Sensory structures

Loose areolar connective tissue

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36
Q

Which of the following is not a function of the hypodermis?

A

source of blood vessels in the epidermis

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37
Q

Which of the following gives rise to all others?

A

stratum basale

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38
Q

Why are osteocytes spread out in bone tissue?

A

Formation of osteoid spreads out the osteoblasts that formed the ossification centers.

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39
Q

How can a fractured diaphysis release fat globules into the bloodstream?

A

The yellow marrow in the diaphysis is exposed and damaged.

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40
Q

In general, skin cancers ________.

A

can be reduced by limiting exposure to the sun

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41
Q

Which of the following is a likely reason that osteoporosis is seen more frequently in women?

A

Menopause reduces estrogen levels which reduces osteoblast activity

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42
Q

What structure is an extension of the spine of the scapula?

A

acromion

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43
Q

The muscles in your fingers have a predominance of fast-glycolytic fibers, whereas the muscles of your feet have a predominance of slow-oxidative fibers.

Which of the following statements accurately describes their differences?

A

Muscle fibers of the feet have a greater abundance of myoglobin than do muscle fibers of the hands.

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44
Q

Which connective tissue specializes in storage of fat?

A

adipose tissue

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45
Q

Connective tissue is made of which three essential components?

A

cells, ground substance, and protein fibers

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46
Q

Which of the following are incapable of undergoing mitosis?

A

osteoblasts and osteoclasts (next guess)

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47
Q

If you cut yourself and bacteria enter the wound, which of the following cells would help get rid of the bacteria?

A

Langerhans cells

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48
Q

What do the terms Minimus/minor imply?

A

A given muscle is the smallest for a given muscle group

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49
Q

In the first few seconds of skeletal muscle contraction, what is the main mechanism by which ATP is replenished?

A

Energy and phosphate are transferred from creatine phosphate to ADP.

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50
Q

Which of the following develops from the ectoderm?

A

skin

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51
Q

The middle cranial fossa ________.

A

has the foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, and foramen spinosum

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52
Q

True or False: All muscle cells change chemical energy into mechanical energy by removing a phosphate group from ATP?

A

true

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53
Q

Which of the following is the best description of a muscle action?

A

The primary movement produced by muscle contraction (next guess)

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54
Q

A typical vertebra has ________.

A

lamina that spans between the transverse process

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55
Q

Cells release products through exocytosis

A

eccrine

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56
Q

The cell ruptures (lysis) and dies

A

holocrine

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57
Q

Cells release products through pinching off of the apical region but the cell remains alive

A

apocrine

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58
Q

Movement of a body region in a circular movement at a condyloid joint is what type of motion?

A

circumduction

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59
Q

A shoulder separation results from injury to the ________.

A

acromioclavicular joint

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60
Q

Which of the following structures divides the nasal cavity along a midsagittal plane?

A

The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and the vomer

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61
Q

What is the function of melanin?

A

protect DNA from UV radiation

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62
Q

A bursa ________.

A

prevents friction between skin and bone, or a muscle tendon and bone

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63
Q

True or False: Differences in skin color are due to melanocyte activity and melanosome size/concentration?

A

True

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64
Q

Muscle that has a striped appearance is described as being ________.

A

striated

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65
Q

The bony openings of the skull include the ________.

A

x

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66
Q

A cartilaginous joint ________.

A

is called a symphysis when the bones are united by fibrocartilage

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67
Q

Movement at the shoulder joint that moves the upper limb laterally away from the body is called ________.

A

abduction

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68
Q

Where in the body are you most likely to find a squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Areas exposed to intermediate UV radiation ex.) scalp, nose, ears, and hands

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69
Q

True or False: Endochondral ossification begins with mensenchyme differentiating into osteogenic cells?

A

False (chondroblasts)

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70
Q

A blow to the ‘temple’ region may rupture the middle meningeal artery. What region of the skull corresponds to this region?

A

Pterion

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71
Q

Which of the following statements is correct about what happens during flexion?

A

The angle between bones is decreased.

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72
Q

If a biopsy of the quadriceps muscles (muscles on the front of the thigh) were taken from gold medal-winning speed skaters in the four following events, which would most likely have the SMALLEST percentage of type 1 muscle fibers?

A

500 meters

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73
Q

Bones grow in diameter due to bone formation ________.

A

beneath the periosteum

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74
Q

Bones grow in length due to activity in the ________.

A

epiphyseal plate

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75
Q

Which muscle has a convergent pattern of fascicles?

A

pectoralis major

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76
Q

Which type of joint allows for only uniaxial movement?

A

hinge joint

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77
Q

Which of the following molecules contains the active site to which myosin binds?

A

G-actin

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78
Q

Muscle fatigue is caused by ________.

A

exhaustion of energy reserves and buildup of lactic acid levels

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79
Q

Which of the following lines the body cavities exposed to the external environment?

A

mucosa

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80
Q

The area of a bone where the nutrient foramen passes forms what kind of bone marking?

A

a hole

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81
Q

Sesamoid bones are found embedded in ________.

A

tendons

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82
Q

The tibia ________.

A

is firmly anchored to the fibula by an interosseous membrane

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83
Q

Which cell type helps to repair injured muscle fibers?

A

satellite cells

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84
Q

The ankle joint ________.

A

is a uniaxial hinge joint

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85
Q

Which of the following terms describes fascicles which run straight and parallel?

A

rectus

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86
Q

From which embryonic cell type does muscle tissue develop?

A

myoblast cells

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87
Q

In a laboratory experiment you have treated a muscle cell with a calcium channel blocker. The membrane still depolarizes, but the concentration of calcium never increases in the cytosol. Which of the following describes what will happen next?

A

Tropomyosin will continue to cover the myosin binding sites on actin and no cross-bridges will form.

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88
Q

Which of the following properties is NOT common to all three muscle tissues?

A

at rest, uses shielding proteins to cover actin-binding sites

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89
Q

At a synovial joint, the synovial membrane ________.

A

secretes the lubricating synovial fluid (next guess)

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90
Q

Which of the following statements regarding contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber is TRUE?

A

Contracting muscle fibers do not always shorten.

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91
Q

Which of the following terms describes fascicles which run within the horizontal plane?

A

Transverse

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92
Q

Which feature lies between the spine and superior border of the scapula?

A

supraspinous fossa (next guess)

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93
Q

Calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine if ________ is lacking.

A

vitamin D

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94
Q

What protein is the principal component of skeletal muscle thick filaments?

A

Myosin

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95
Q

Which of the following helps an agonist work?

A

a synergist

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96
Q

What is the definition of a “motor unit”?

A

A single motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers it innervates

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97
Q

Which of the following combinations of body regions would you expect to find in a patient with third degree burns across 54 % of his body?

A

Head, neck, right arm, trunk

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98
Q

Which of the following are characteristics of muscle tissues?

A
  • Responds to external stimulus
  • Stretches beyond original length without tearing
  • Recoils to original length
  • Shortens along the longitudinal axis
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99
Q

The axial skeleton ________.

A

forms the vertical axis of the body

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100
Q

When a muscle has been repeatedly contracting at a moderate intensity for an extended period of time (more than a few minutes), what is the primary source of ATP?

A

Cellular respiration (oxidative phosphorylation)

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101
Q

Cleft palates result from ______

A

Failure of the median palatine suture to fuse

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102
Q

Sebaceous glands ________.

A

are associated with hair follicles

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103
Q

In what region of the long bone would you expect to find the primary ossification center

A

Diaphysis

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104
Q

Which is the lateral-most carpal bone of the proximal row?

A

scaphoid

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105
Q

The skeletal system is made of ________.

A

bones and cartilage

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106
Q

Which of the following is the best explanation for severe burns potentially leading to dehydration?

A

The epidermis contains molecules for minimizing water loss, and may be destroyed or damaged in severe burns. (next guess)

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107
Q

True or False: Fetal skulls have regions of endochondral ossification known as fontanelles when incomplete?

A

False (intramembranous ossification)

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108
Q

Organized tubes of contractile proteins

A

Myofibril

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109
Q

The cytoplasm of the muscle cell

A

Sarcoplasm

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110
Q

Carry electrical signal into the cell

A

T-tubule

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111
Q

Specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum that stores and releases Calcium

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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112
Q

The plasma membrane of the muscle cell

A

Sarcolemma

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113
Q

Synovial joints ________.

A

are joints where the bones articulate with each other within a fluid-filled joint cavity

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114
Q

limited mobility

A

Amphiarthrosis

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115
Q

freely moveable across different axes

A

Diarthrosis

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116
Q

little to no movement

A

Synarthrosis

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117
Q

What is the function of the posterior cruciate ligament?

A

Intracapsular ligament to prevent posterior glide

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118
Q

What structure contributes to the knee joint?

A

lateral epicondyle of the femur (next confident guess)

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119
Q

Which element is important in directly triggering contraction?

A

calcium

120
Q

Cardiac muscles differ from skeletal muscles in that they ________.

A

contain intercalated discs

121
Q

Thin and thick filaments are organized into functional units called ________.

A

sarcomeres

122
Q

Langerhans cells are commonly found in the ________.

A

stratum spinosum

123
Q

When comparing adult and fetal skulls, fetal skulls _____

A

Lack styloid and mastoid processes

124
Q

Which of the following molecules binds calcium to allow for muscle contraction?

A

Troponin

125
Q

During intramembranous ossification, which is produced first?

  • Trabeculum of spongy bone
  • Lamellae of compact bone
  • Red bone marrow
  • Periosteum
A

Trabeculum of spongy bone

126
Q

Why is cartilage slow to heal?

A

because it does not have a blood supply

127
Q

Depolarization of the sarcolemma means ________.

A

the inside of the membrane has become less negative as sodium ions accumulate

128
Q

Which of the following terms is used for the muscle which generates the most force for a given movement?

A

agonist

129
Q

All of the following play a role in calcium homeostasis except

-thyroxine
- vitamin D
- calcitonin
- parathyroid hormone

A

thyroxine

130
Q

Embryonic development of the axial skeleton involves ________.

A

intramembranous ossification, which forms the facial bones.

131
Q

Eccrine mode of secretion

A

Eccrine and Apocrine sweat glands

132
Q

Holocrine mode of secretion

A

Sebaceous gland

133
Q

Collagen lends ________ to the skin.

A

structure

134
Q

In endochondral ossification, what happens to the chondrocytes?

A

They die in the calcified matrix that surrounds them and form the medullary cavity.

135
Q

Rigor mortis is caused by

A

lack of ATP

136
Q

The ________ exocrine gland stores its secretion until the glandular cell ruptures, whereas the ________ gland releases its apical region and reforms.

A

holocrine; apocrine

137
Q

The primary curvatures of the vertebral column ________.

A

are remnants of the original fetal curvature

138
Q

When considering the organization of muscles, bones, and joints which of the following is FALSE?

A

Bones act as fulcrums and are pulled on by muscles

139
Q

The process that replaces hyaline cartilage with bone tissue is called ________.

A

Endochondral ossification

140
Q

Which of the following are used to help diagnose early melanomas (select all that apply)

A

(ABCDE)
A: Asymmetrical borders
B: irregular BORDER shapes
C: Colors varied
D: Diameter large
E: Evolving shape

141
Q

Which of the following is the best description of a muscle insertion?

A

The point of muscle attachment that moves when contracted

142
Q

What is the correct sequence of zones in the epiphyseal plate?

A

calcification, maturation, proliferation, reserved

143
Q

The location of a muscle’s insertion and origin can determine ________.

A

action

144
Q

Which of the following fibers is provides high tensile strength?

A

Collagen

145
Q

True or False: In a terrible triad injury the medial meniscus can be torn due to interweaving of collagen from the medial collateral ligament?

A

true

146
Q

Which of the following is the epithelial tissue that lines the interior of blood vessels?

A

simple squamous

147
Q

Which of the following do all synovial joints contain (select all that apply)

A
  • Articular cartilage
  • Reinforcing ligaments
  • Complex joint cavity
  • Articular capsule
  • Nerves and blood vessels
  • Synovial fluid
148
Q

Which of the following supports body weight when sitting?

A

ischial tuberosity

149
Q

A synchondrosis is ________.

A

found at the first sternocostal joint of the thoracic cage

150
Q

What do the terms Magnus/maxiumus/major imply?

A

A given muscle is the largest for a given muscle group

151
Q

True or False: In spina bifida occulta the laminae of the affected vertebrae fail to form the spinous process?

A

true

152
Q

Which of the following can be found in areas of movement?

A

cartilage

153
Q

Which part of the clavicle articulates with the manubrium?

A

sternal end

154
Q

Eccrine sweat glands ________.

A

are present in the skin throughout the body and produce watery sweat

155
Q

True or False: Hyperflexion in whiplash may cause the nuchal ligament to tear or stretch?

A

true

156
Q

Long bones enable body movement by acting as a ________.

A

lever

157
Q

Ligaments connect bones together and withstand a lot of stress. What type of connective tissue should you expect ligaments to contain?

A

dense regular connective tissue

158
Q

The tubercle of a rib ________.

A

is for articulation with the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra

159
Q

The cells of muscles, myocytes, develop from ________.

A

myoblasts

160
Q

According to the sliding filament model, binding sites on actin open when ________.

A

calcium ion levels rise

161
Q

Select all of the following characteristics which describe skeletal muscle tissue

A

Peripheral nucleus
Many nuclei
Striated

162
Q

Name the short, hook-like bony process of the scapula that projects anteriorly.

A

coracoid process

163
Q

Which of the following structures are primarily responsible for causing air to swirl as it enters the nasal cavity?

A

The superior and middle nasal conchae of the ethmoid and the inferior nasal conchae

164
Q

True or False: Endocrine glands secrete onto body surfaces or cavities

A

False (they secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream)

165
Q

The fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of the bone is the ________.

A

periosteum

166
Q

In temporomandibular joint dislocation _______.

A

The mandibular condyle moves over the articular tubercle of the temporal bone

167
Q

The correct order for the smallest to the largest unit of organization in muscle tissue is ________.

A

filament, myofibril, muscle fiber, fascicle

168
Q

In response to stimuli from the sympathetic nervous system, the arrector pili ________.

A

are responsible for goose bumps

169
Q

Match the synovial joint with the appropriate functional classification:

A

Ball and socket- Triaxial
Pivot- Uniaxial
Saddle- Biaxial
Condyloid- Biaxial
Plane or Gliding- Nonaxial
Hinge- Uniaxial

170
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of epithelial tissue?

A

Contractility

171
Q

The first type of bone to form during fracture repair is ________ bone.

A

spongy

172
Q

Which of the following connective tissue would you expect to see extensively in the hypodermis?

A

Adipose connective tissue

173
Q

Parts of the sphenoid bone include the ________.
- glabella
- zygomatic process
- sella turcica
- squamous portion

A

sella turcica

174
Q

Which region of the humerus articulates with the radius as part of the elbow joint?

A

capitulum

175
Q

Which category of bone is among the most numerous in the skeleton?

A

long bones

176
Q

Which of the following is the best description of a herniated disc?

A

The nucleus pulposus protrudes through the annulus fibrosis compressing a spinal nerve in the intervertebral foramen

177
Q

Most of the bones of the arms and hands are long bones; however, the bones in the wrist are categorized as ________.

A

short bones

178
Q

Which function of the skeletal system would be especially important if you were in a car accident?

A

protection of internal organs

179
Q

Which dietary supplement is most likely to contribute to greater skeletal muscle ATP availability in the first few seconds of skeletal muscle contraction?

A

Creatine

180
Q

The chemical curare is a nicotinic receptor antagonist. How will curare affect skeletal muscle function?

A

It will cause flaccid paralysis (no muscle contraction possible).

181
Q

Which of these joints is classified as a biaxial diarthrosis?

A

the metacarpophalangeal joint

182
Q

Which of the following is most likely to be released when blood calcium levels are elevated?

A

calcitonin

183
Q

As you are walking down the beach, you see a dead, dry, shriveled-up fish. Which layer of your epidermis keeps you from drying out?

A

stratum corneum

184
Q

True or False: Fetal skulls have regions of intramembranous ossification known as fontanelles when incomplete?

A

true

185
Q

Which bony landmark of the femur serves as a site for muscle attachments?

A

lesser trochanter

186
Q

Which of these joints is classified as a synarthrosis?

A

the manubriosternal joint

187
Q

Which component forms the superior part of the hip bone?

A

ilium

188
Q

True or False: All false ribs attach to the costal cartilage of the true ribs?

A

False (attaches indirectly to the sternum via costal cartilage)

189
Q

Which motion moves the bottom of the foot away from the midline of the body?

A

eversion

190
Q

Which of the following is true of second degree burns (select all that apply)

A
  • Blisters
  • Severe pain
  • Dermis damaged
  • Epidermis damaged
191
Q

True ribs are ________.

A

attached via their costal cartilage directly to the sternum

192
Q

The sternum ________.

A

has the sternal angle located between the manubrium and body

193
Q

Why is damage to the ligamentum teres problematic?

A

Damage may disrupt blood flow to the head of the femur and lead to death of bone tissue

194
Q

Shoulder dislocation is _________

A

Damage to the glenohumeral joint resulting in dislocation of the humeral head

195
Q

In humans, exposure of the skin to sunlight is required for ________.

A

vitamin D synthesis

196
Q

Which type of fibrous joint connects the tibia and fibula?

A

syndesmosis

197
Q

Squamous cell carcinomas are the second most common of the skin cancers and are capable of metastasizing if not treated. This cancer affects which cells?

A

keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum

198
Q

What is the function of the anterior cruciate ligament?

A

Intracapsular ligament to prevent anterior glide

199
Q

Which of the following statements about slow fibers is false?

A

Slow fibers have a small network of capillaries.

200
Q

Muscle relaxation occurs when ________.

A

calcium ions are actively transported into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

201
Q

Which of the following is the best description of a muscle origin?

A

The point of muscle attachment that does not move when contracted

202
Q

During endochondral ossification of a long bone, ________.

A

growth of the epiphyseal plate will produce bone lengthening

203
Q

Which is found only in the cervical region of the vertebral column?

A

nuchal ligament

204
Q

Which of the following best describes the formation of the thicker scars with a cut perpendicular to the line of cleavage?

A

The incision is pulled open due to the activity of elastin fibers in the dermis

205
Q

Bone tissue can be described as ________.

A

dense, hard connective tissue

206
Q

True or False: Eversion injuries may result in a fibular fracture?

A

True

207
Q

Which tarsal bone articulates with the tibia and fibula?

A

talus

208
Q

During muscle contraction, the cross-bridge detaches when ________.

A

the myosin head binds to an ATP molecule

209
Q

Shoulder separation is _________

A

Damage to the acromioclavicular joint resulting in damage to the ligaments between the acromion process and clavicle

210
Q

Which of the following develops from the endoderm?

A

lungs

211
Q

The cervical region of the vertebral column consists of ________.

A

7 vertebrae

212
Q

In relaxed muscle, the myosin-binding site on actin is blocked by ________.

A

tropomyosin

213
Q

Bones that surround the spinal cord are classified as ________ bones.

A

irregular

214
Q

True or False: Inversion injuries may stretch or tear the deltoid ligaments?

A

False (Talofibular ligaments/
Calcaneofibular ligaments are torn/ streched)

215
Q

Striations, cylindrical cells, and multiple nuclei are observed in ________.

A

skeletal muscle only

216
Q

Which of the following is not a type of tissue?

A

embryonic

217
Q

What is the function of the transverse tubules in a skeletal muscle fiber?

A

They allow action potentials to propagate deep into the center of skeletal muscle cells.

218
Q

Drug X blocks ATP regeneration from ADP and phosphate. How will muscle cells respond to this drug?

A

by absorbing ATP from the bloodstream X

by using ADP as an energy source

by using glycogen as an energy source X

none of the above

219
Q

Which of the following terms would be used in the name of a muscle that moves the leg away from the body?

A

abductor

220
Q

Select all of the following that are classified as primary vertebral curves

A

Thoracic AND Sacrococcygeal

221
Q

Which cells do NOT originate from osteogenic cells?

A

osteoclasts

222
Q

A muscle that has a pattern of fascicles running along the long axis of the muscle has which of the following fascicle arrangements?

A

parallel

223
Q

Where in the body are you most likely to find a melanoma?

A

Anywhere in the body. (next guess)

224
Q

The paranasal sinuses are ________.

A

air-filled spaces found within the frontal, maxilla, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones only

225
Q

The papillary layer of the dermis is most closely associated with which layer of the epidermis?

A

stratum basale

226
Q

The papillary and reticular layers of the dermis are composed mainly of ________.

A

connective tissue

227
Q

Which of the following are joined by a symphysis?

A

adjacent vertebrae

228
Q

Select all of the following which would happen if ATP is removed from the skeletal muscle cell.

A
  • Calcium would remain in the sarcoplasm keeping the muscle contracted
  • Myosin would not unbind from actin
229
Q

You have designed a drug that is supposed to bind to the myosin binding sites on actin. You inject it into a relaxed muscle, but find that none of the drug bound. Which of the following explains why?

A

The myosin binding sites on actin are covered by tropomyosin.

230
Q

What would be the result if the administration of a drug sequesters all the ATP in a cell?

A

All cross-bridges will remain tightly bound to actin.

231
Q

Where in the body are you most likely to find a basal cell carcinoma?

A

Areas exposed to long-term UV radiation such as the head, neck, arms, and back.

232
Q

True or False: The site of Ca 2+ storage in muscle cells is the lateral sacs of the transverse tubules?

A

False

233
Q

Which bony landmark is located on the lateral side of the proximal humerus?

A

greater tubercle

234
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic of all synovial joints?

A

bursae

235
Q

Female pelvis characteristics:

A
  • shallow false pelvis
  • subpubic angle greater than 100 degrees
  • coccyx points inferior
  • short, wide sacrum
236
Q

Male pelvis characteristics:

A
  • deep false pelvis
  • subpubic angle less than 90 degree
  • coccyx points anteriorly
  • narrow sacrum
237
Q

The pelvis ________.

A

has a subpubic angle that is larger in females

238
Q

The epiphyseal plate of a growing long bone in a child is classified as a ________.

A

synchondrosis

239
Q

What aspect of creatine phosphate allows it to supply energy to muscles?

A

phosphate bonds

240
Q

True or False: Recruitment of different types of motor units in a muscle is one means of varying the amount of tension generated in that muscle?

A

True

241
Q

A fontanelle ________.

A

is the area of fibrous connective tissue found at birth between the brain case bones

242
Q

Which of the following occurs in the spongy bone of the epiphysis?

A

hematopoiesis (blood cell production)

243
Q

Elevate:

A

to raise

244
Q

Depress:

A

to lower

245
Q

Abduct:

A

To move away from the midline

246
Q

Adduct:

A

To move towards the midline

247
Q

Flex:

A

To decrease the angle of

248
Q

Extend:

A

To increase the angle of

249
Q

The cells responsible for the transmission of the nerve impulse are ________.

A

neurons

250
Q

In bone, the main cells are ________.

A

osteocytes

251
Q

True or False: Intramembranous begins with mesenchyme differentiating into chondroblasts?

A

False (osteogenic cells)

252
Q

An individual using a sharp knife notices a small amount of blood where he just cut himself. Which of the following layers of skin did he have to cut into in order to bleed?

A

papillary dermis

253
Q

Which of the following is the most apical living layer of the epidermis?

A

Stratum granulosum

254
Q

Which arrangement best describes a bipennate muscle?

A

The muscle fibers feed in on an angle to a long tendon from both sides.

255
Q

How many bones fuse in adulthood to form the hip bone?

A

3

256
Q

Which statement is true concerning the knee joint?

A

The lateral meniscus is an intrinsic ligament located on the lateral side of the knee joint. (next guess)

257
Q

True or False: Inversion injuries may stretch or tear the talofibular ligaments?

A

True

258
Q

After a skin injury, the body initiates a wound-healing response. The first step of this response is the formation of a blood clot to stop bleeding. Which of the following would be the next response?

A

increased production of connective tissue

259
Q

Which of the following bones is (are) formed by intramembranous ossification?

A

the flat bones of the cranium

260
Q

True or False: Syndesmoses are fibrous and amphiarthrosis joints?

A

true

261
Q

Which of the following terms describes fascicles which run at a non-orthogonal (right) angle?

A

oblique

262
Q

Select all of the following that characterize inflammation:

A
  • Swelling
  • Redness
  • Pain
  • Localized heat
263
Q

True or False: You would expect an Olympic power lifter to have skeletal muscle organs with a greater percentage of fast glycolytic fibers.

A

true

264
Q

True or False: You would expect an extreme marathon runner to have skeletal muscle organs with a greater percentage of fast glycolytic fibers.

A

False

265
Q

The process by which a less specialized cell matures into a more specialized cell is called ________.

A

differentiation

266
Q

Which of the following is a type of synovial joint?
- a synostosis
- a suture
- a plane joint
- a synchondrosis

A

a plane joint

267
Q

Which of the following is true of third degree burns (select all that apply)

A

Hypodermis damaged
Epidermis damaged
Charred appearance
Little-to-no pain
Dermis damaged

268
Q

The joint between adjacent vertebrae that includes an intervertebral disc is classified as which type of joint?

A

amphiarthrosis

269
Q

Without red marrow, bones would not be able to ________.

A

make blood cells

270
Q

True or False: The binding of ATP to myosin causes an allosteric change in myosin’s actin-binding site such that the affinity of myosin for actin is decreased.

A

True

271
Q

Which of the following is part of the axial skeleton?

A

sacrum

272
Q

Which of the following is the primary ligament responsible for resisting extension of the vertebral column

A

anterior longitudinal ligament

273
Q

An individual has spent too much time sun bathing. Not only is his skin painful to touch, but small blisters have appeared in the affected area. This indicates that he has damaged which layers of his skin?

A

epidermis and dermis

274
Q

Tetanus toxin inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity. What will a person suffering from tetanus toxin poisoning look like?

A

All muscles of the body might present a tense, fully contracted state.

275
Q

What is the best explanation for the presence of canaliculi in compact bone?

A

They are used by osteocytes to relay waste products and obtain nutrients

276
Q

Which of the following is a bone of the brain case?

A

parietal bone

277
Q

True or False: The name given to the repeating functional units that cause striations in a skeletal musclemyofibril is “sarcomere.”

A

true

278
Q

A meniscus is ________.

A

a fibrocartilage pad that provides padding between bones

279
Q

Which of the following statements about fast fibers is true?

A

Fast fibers have large glycogen reserves.

280
Q

Intramembranous ossification ________.

A

produces the bones of the top and sides of the skull

281
Q

Supination is the motion that moves the ________.

A

hand from the palm backward position to the palm forward position

282
Q

True or False: Fibrocartilage is surrounded by perichondrium.

A

False

283
Q

Which of the following develops from the mesoderm?

A

cardiac muscles

284
Q

Which of the following tissue types would you expect to find lining a blood vessel?

A

Endothelium (next guess)

285
Q

A lack of ATP in the muscle cell will lead to

A
  • sustained flaccid paralysis
  • myosin heads becoming “stuck” in a bound configuration with actin.
  • calcium build-up in the cytosol
286
Q

A syndesmosis is ________.

A

a fibrous joint that unites parallel bones

287
Q

Which of the following connective tissues would you expect to find in tendons and ligaments?

A

Dense regular connective tissue

288
Q

Which best describes a “myofibril”?

A

It is a cylindrical cellular organelle composed of myofilaments.

289
Q

The primary support for the glenohumeral joint is provided by the ________.

A

rotator cuff muscles

290
Q

Compared to type 1 (slow oxidative) skeletal muscle fibers, how are type 2X (fast-glycolytic) skeletal muscle fibers different?

A

Type 2X fibers fatigue more readily.

291
Q

Which of the following terms is used for the muscle which opposes the action of a muscle responsible for a given movement

A

antagonist

292
Q

Which of the following statements regarding myosin in skeletal muscle is TRUE?

A

Myosin is an ATPase.

293
Q

A sprinter would experience muscle fatigue sooner than a marathon runner due to ________.

A

anaerobic metabolism in the muscles of the sprinter

294
Q

With respect to their direct effects on osseous tissue, which pair of hormones has actions that oppose each other?

A

calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

295
Q

In observing epithelial cells under a microscope, the cells are arranged in a single layer and look tall and narrow, and the nucleus is located close to the basal side of the cell. The specimen is what type of epithelial tissue?

A

columnar

296
Q

A typical lumbar vertebra has ________.

A

a short, rounded spinous process

297
Q

Which of the following is true of goblet cells?

A
  • they are unicellular exocrine glands
  • They produce the protein mucin
  • In the digestive tract they assist in reducing friction across the epithelial surface
  • In the respiratory tract they assist in trapping debris
298
Q

Done

A

A & P (4 decks)

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