NEW Final Flashcards
Many animal bones are the same size as young children and morphologically similar to human bones. Nonhuman bones can be distinguished from human infants and children by osteological maturity. Fully mature small bones are nonhuman, because they would not be mature in human children
Maturity in human vs nonhuman
Differentiating between human and nonhuman bones of equal size is difficult. Similar anatomy and a diverse number of animals, hoofed, felines, and dogs.
Architectural differences
Prominent braincase, lack of snout, small teeth.
Human cranial skeleton
Not fully protected eye sockets. Zygomatic arch oriented differently. Larger snout, bigger teeth. Difference in nasal bones. Oriented horizontally
Nonhuman cranial skeleton
Vertebral column very different in thoracic and cervical, but not lumbar. Os coxae much longer, scapula’s glenoid fossa more restricted. Ribcage similar
Axial skeleton nonhuman
Forelimbs and hind limbs instead of arms and legs. Humerus has different proportions. Femur different curvature
Nonhuman appendicular skeleton
Metacarpal bones of quadrupeds. Different bones than humans, looks like long bones. Diagnostic ends to them. Hind bones in cats
Metapodials
Refers tot he visible and measurable characteristics of the bones. What do they look like? Fresh or old bones
State of preservation
State of preservation, fresh bone is yellowish-white. After stout tissue decomposes, takes on a whitish color. Bone can also bleach, discolor due to soil. Generally takes a number of years for these color changes to occur
Color
Color in state of preservation, greasy and smooth appearance. Some soft tissue
Modern faunal bone
Color in state of preservation, whiter, no soft tissue.
Non contemporary bone
State of preservation, recent bone is smooth like ivory. The longer the bone is exposed to the elements, bone becomes more grainy and pitted. Age of individual at death can also affect smoothness
Texture
State of preservation, body fluids give bone yellowish color and greasy feel while in body. Non contemporary bones will appear dry and porous because water evaporates over time
Hydration
State of preservation. Recent bones tend to be heavy because of fats and fluids.
Weight
Weight state of preservation. Loss of calcium and other minerals occurs over time. Results in bones feeling lighter
Decalcification
State of preservation, contemporary bones tend to be whole with little fragmentation. Non contemporary tend to be semi to highly fragmented.
Condition
State of preservation, contemporary bones are strong and tough. Non contemporary appear breakable
Fragility
State of preservation, non contemporary dark, rough, dry, light, broken, fragile, absent. Contemporary light, smooth, wet, heavy, solid, tough, present
Decision table
Common forms of non contemporary types are cranial modification and dental modification
Body modifications
Body modification. Purposeful reshaping of the skull, anteroposterior modification. Soon after birth, skull is bound
Cranial modification
Carved teeth, drilled with gems. Body modification
Dental modification
Fillings, prosthetics.
Contemporary body modification
Item found alongside burial can provide important clues. Like the ice man, thought to be a modern hiker until clothes were dated to 3400 BCE
Personal belongings
People who have died under normal circumstances have a formal burial. In forensic cases, bodies are disposed of without care. Tightly flexed vs semi flexed vs extended
Conditions of internment
If something is below the ground. Detectors, dogs. Locating remains
Subsurface techniques
Sometimes we can see things from above better. Drone, helicopter. Locating remains
Aerial techniques
Group of searchers systematically walk the landscape for clues. Emphasis placed on locating skeletal materials. Line up six feet apart, walk in a particular direction swiveling head back and forth, flag anything significant. Locating remains
Ground search
Scatter of body parts is critical to reconstructing
Mapping remains
Time of death with mapping remains
Carnivore activity
Cause is what killed them, manner is what ultimately makes the heart stop beating
Cause and manner of death
A fixed starting point of scale or operation. Permanent structure, boulders, trees. Mapping remains
Datum
A square constructed on four wooden posts and string, usually oriented to cardinal direction. Mapping remains
Grid square
Taking the soil and putting it through a screen to sift. Looking for fragments, teeth, fabric, etc. Excavation
Screening
Mixed up soil, not naturally formed. May be evidence above the body. Excavation
Stratigraphy
Everything must be labeled. History of who handled the remains must be kept. Chain of custody. Record detailing recovery process.
Collection and transport of remains
From date, time, and weather, to participants and any other relevant info.
Record detailing recovery process
Separate right and left upper limbs and lower limbs and bag separately. vertebrae can be labeled with pencil and types bagged separately. Skull should be handled by brain case. Keep unfused epiphyses with associated bones. Watch for fetal bones, sesamoid bones, small objects.
For disarticulated remains
The degeneration of body tissues by the digestive fluids normally residing in the intestinal track
Autolysis
Microorganisms residing in body tissue begin to break down biological components. Eat away at soft tissue, side effect is the release of gasses that bloat the body. Flies are attracted to the body and deposit eggs. Also body at this state attracts large animals
Putrefaction
Temperature, humidity, accessibility. Trauma and placement are key
Environment
Estimated by knowing the time needed by the body to reach stages of deterioration from fresh to fully skeletonized
Postmortem interval
Large range of variation in time to reach various stages of decomposition. Most schedules of decomposition are based on surface finds. Descriptions of changes are drawn from all times of year
Climatic factors
By knowing the amount of time needed for scavenging to occur on human samples from known forensic ashes, time since death can be estimated
Animal scavenging
The study of insects as related to the medico-legal investigation of death. Observation of different life stages of attendant insects. Seasonal information
Forensic entomology
Studying the decay rate of non biological materials to estimate PMI
Deterioration of clothing and other materials