Neurotrasnmitters Flashcards
How many neurotransmitters have be identified?
They are classified ___ and ___.
50
Chemically
Functionally
Neurotransmitters must be synthesized in ___
Neuron
Neurotransmitters must be stored in ___
Neuron
Neurotransmitters must have ___ sites specific to its compound on the ___ membrane
Receptor
Post-synaptic
Major transmitter of PNS:
ACh
ACh has ___ effect on nicotinic receptors
Excitatory
ACh has ___ effect on muscarinic receptors, dependent ionotropic or metabotropic
Inhibitory or Excititory
Release of ACh is inhibited by:
Botulinum toxin
Binding of ACh to nicotinic receptors is inhibited by ____
Curare
Binding of ACh to muscarinic receptors is inhibited by___
Atropine
Nicotinic receptors are affected in what disease?
Myasthenia gravis
ACh levels decrease in certain brain areas in which disease?
Alzheimer’s
Nicotine binding to nicotinic ACh receptors enhances ___ release.
Dopamine
Catecholamines are?
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Catecholamines are synthesized by what amino acid?
What is produced each time synthesis happens?
Tyrosine
Neuromelanin
All adrenal receptors are ___
Metabotropic
Norepinephrine is found in the ____
Locus ceruleus of the midbrain
Fates of metabolites of norepinephrine
Excreted via urine
Norepinephrine is a “___” neurotransmitter and may play a roll in mood
Feel good
Reduced norepinephrine is related to ___
Increased norepinephrine is related to___
Depression
Mania
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter prominent in the striated ___ system, which lead to the proper timing of ___
Motor
Muscle contraction
Dopamine is prominent in ___ neurons
Substantia nigra
Dopamine can be either ___ or ___ depending on receptor type
Excitatory
Inhibitory
Dopamine deficiency is related to ___ disease, the opposite of Huntington’s
Parkinson’s
5-HT is formed by the amino acid ___ in the ___ nuclei
Tryptophan
Raphe Nuclei
What gland contains the highest concentration of 5-HT?
Pineal gland
Pineal gland converts 5-HT to ___?
Melatonin
Low 5-HT is associated with ___ and ___?
Severe depression
Incoming
High 5-HT levels are associated with?
Mania
The most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain/ CNS is?
Glutamate
Glutamate is important in ___ and ___
Learning and memory
Excessive glutamate can lead to ___, because it produces ___
Stroke
Neurotoxicity
What is the most common inhibitory transmitter?
GABA
ATP is the ___ neurotransmitter
1st
ATP mediates ___ in astrocytes. Important for ___ generation
Ca
Pain
2 types of neuropeptides
Opioid
Non-opioid
Non-opioid peptide, important in mediating pain signals
Substance P
2 non-opioid substances involved with GI tract
Somatostatin
Cholecystokinin
Synthesis of neuropeptides from larger precursors happens in ?
Rough ER
2 types of endocannabinoids
2-AG
Anandamide
Endocannabinoids are ____ and help with pain
Inhibitory
Neurotransmitters can be classified by function:
Effects
Actions
Neurotransmitters can be classified by effectors and actions.
Effects are ___ or ___
Excitatory
Inhibitory
Neurotransmitters can be classified by effectors and actions.
Actions are ___ or ___
Direct
Indirect
Neuromodulator paracrines act ___ and quickly
Locally
Neuromodulators can act at the ___ of the synapse or in its vicinity
Receptor
3 methods of neurotransmitter removal
Diffusion
Enzymatic degradation
Re-uptake
Neurotransmitter agonist is anything that ___ a transmitter’s effects
Enhances
Neurotransmitter antagonist is anything that ___ the action of the neurotransmitter.
Blocks
