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NeuroPhys Mod 1 > Neurotrasnmitters > Flashcards

Neurotrasnmitters Flashcards

1
Q

How many neurotransmitters have be identified?

They are classified ___ and ___.

A

50
Chemically
Functionally

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2
Q

Neurotransmitters must be synthesized in ___

A

Neuron

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3
Q

Neurotransmitters must be stored in ___

A

Neuron

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4
Q

Neurotransmitters must have ___ sites specific to its compound on the ___ membrane

A

Receptor

Post-synaptic

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5
Q

Major transmitter of PNS:

A

ACh

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6
Q

ACh has ___ effect on nicotinic receptors

A

Excitatory

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7
Q

ACh has ___ effect on muscarinic receptors, dependent ionotropic or metabotropic

A

Inhibitory or Excititory

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8
Q

Release of ACh is inhibited by:

A

Botulinum toxin

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9
Q

Binding of ACh to nicotinic receptors is inhibited by ____

A

Curare

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10
Q

Binding of ACh to muscarinic receptors is inhibited by___

A

Atropine

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11
Q

Nicotinic receptors are affected in what disease?

A

Myasthenia gravis

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12
Q

ACh levels decrease in certain brain areas in which disease?

A

Alzheimer’s

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13
Q

Nicotine binding to nicotinic ACh receptors enhances ___ release.

A

Dopamine

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14
Q

Catecholamines are?

A

Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine

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15
Q

Catecholamines are synthesized by what amino acid?

What is produced each time synthesis happens?

A

Tyrosine

Neuromelanin

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16
Q

All adrenal receptors are ___

A

Metabotropic

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17
Q

Norepinephrine is found in the ____

A

Locus ceruleus of the midbrain

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18
Q

Fates of metabolites of norepinephrine

A

Excreted via urine

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19
Q

Norepinephrine is a “___” neurotransmitter and may play a roll in mood

A

Feel good

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20
Q

Reduced norepinephrine is related to ___

Increased norepinephrine is related to___

A

Depression

Mania

21
Q

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter prominent in the striated ___ system, which lead to the proper timing of ___

A

Motor

Muscle contraction

22
Q

Dopamine is prominent in ___ neurons

A

Substantia nigra

23
Q

Dopamine can be either ___ or ___ depending on receptor type

A

Excitatory

Inhibitory

24
Q

Dopamine deficiency is related to ___ disease, the opposite of Huntington’s

A

Parkinson’s

25
Q

5-HT is formed by the amino acid ___ in the ___ nuclei

A

Tryptophan

Raphe Nuclei

26
Q

What gland contains the highest concentration of 5-HT?

A

Pineal gland

27
Q

Pineal gland converts 5-HT to ___?

A

Melatonin

28
Q

Low 5-HT is associated with ___ and ___?

A

Severe depression

Incoming

29
Q

High 5-HT levels are associated with?

A

Mania

30
Q

The most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain/ CNS is?

A

Glutamate

31
Q

Glutamate is important in ___ and ___

A

Learning and memory

32
Q

Excessive glutamate can lead to ___, because it produces ___

A

Stroke

Neurotoxicity

33
Q

What is the most common inhibitory transmitter?

A

GABA

34
Q

ATP is the ___ neurotransmitter

A

1st

35
Q

ATP mediates ___ in astrocytes. Important for ___ generation

A

Ca

Pain

36
Q

2 types of neuropeptides

A

Opioid

Non-opioid

37
Q

Non-opioid peptide, important in mediating pain signals

A

Substance P

38
Q

2 non-opioid substances involved with GI tract

A

Somatostatin

Cholecystokinin

39
Q

Synthesis of neuropeptides from larger precursors happens in ?

A

Rough ER

40
Q

2 types of endocannabinoids

A

2-AG

Anandamide

41
Q

Endocannabinoids are ____ and help with pain

A

Inhibitory

42
Q

Neurotransmitters can be classified by function:

A

Effects

Actions

43
Q

Neurotransmitters can be classified by effectors and actions.
Effects are ___ or ___

A

Excitatory

Inhibitory

44
Q

Neurotransmitters can be classified by effectors and actions.
Actions are ___ or ___

A

Direct

Indirect

45
Q

Neuromodulator paracrines act ___ and quickly

A

Locally

46
Q

Neuromodulators can act at the ___ of the synapse or in its vicinity

A

Receptor

47
Q

3 methods of neurotransmitter removal

A

Diffusion
Enzymatic degradation
Re-uptake

48
Q

Neurotransmitter agonist is anything that ___ a transmitter’s effects

A

Enhances

49
Q

Neurotransmitter antagonist is anything that ___ the action of the neurotransmitter.

A

Blocks

NeuroPhys Mod 1 (5 decks)

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